User:Petter Bøckman/Sandbox

Pterodactyl is a vernacular name for:


 * The members of Pterodactylus, the first group of Pterosaurs discovered, also occasionally applied to the Pterodactylidae family of similar animals.
 * Sometimes erroneously used for pterosaurs in general.

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Taxobox
Taxobox

Violence
A common misconception often quoted by media, politicians, activists is that violence is on the rise and has historically been much lower. Similarly, the trend in post-colonial anthropology has been to regard historically indigenous and tribal societies as more peaceful than contemporary Western society. However, archaeological evidence shows that previous societies had very high level of violence. Likewise, modern tribal societies typically too have extremely high rates of violence, with more than half of deaths being violence related in some cases. Ancient and medieval empires had lower rates of violence, and the violence decreased further as empires became more organized. Modern societies saw still lower rates of violence from the medieval period onwards, with significant decreases after World War II. This trend is general across all categories of violence, from large-scale warfare to murder and animal cruelty, and the trend is discernible on both millennium, century and decade scale, making modern societies are the most peaceful the world has even seen.

Plants
His orders and classes of plants, according to his Systema Sexuale, were never intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his ordines naturales in his Philosophia Botanica) but only for use in identification. They were used in that sense well into the nineteenth century. The system were based on the number and relative size of the male reproductive organs, the stamens and their placement in relation to the female pistillum. The classes were further subdivided into orders based on the number of the female pistil. Below the classis-level, plants were further divided into orders by counting the numbers of pistils, which reduced the number of genii in each order down to a manageable level.

This system removed the need for intimate knowledge of a large number of plants, allowing anyone able to count and armed with basic flower anatomy, the ability to classify plants. While the system often lumped unrelated genera with each other, it allowed for an easy and safe classification, particularly important with medical plants, and proved immensely useful and popular.

The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were:


 * Classis 1. Monandria, plants with bisexual flowers with one stamen
 * Classis 2. Diandria, plants with bisexual flowers with two separate stamens
 * Classis 3. Triandria, plants with bisexual flowers with tree separate stamens
 * Classis 4. Tetrandria, plants with bisexual flowers with four separate stamens
 * Classis 5. Pentandria, plants with bisexual flowers with five separate stamens
 * Classis 6. Hexandria, plants with bisexual flowers with six separate stamens
 * Classis 7. Heptandria, plants with bisexual flowers with seven separate stamens.
 * Classis 8. Octandria, plants with bisexual flowers with eight separate stamens
 * Classis 9. Enneandria, plants with bisexual flowers with nine separate stamens
 * Classis 10. Decandria, plants with bisexual flowers with ten separate stamens
 * Classis 11. Dodecandria, plants with bisexual flowers with 12-19 separate stamens
 * Classis 12. Icosandria, plants with bisexual flowers with 20 (sometimes more) separate stamens growing from the calyx
 * Classis 13. Polyandra, plants with flowers where 20 or more stamens grow from the receptacle rather than the calyx
 * Classis 14. Didynamia, plants with bisexual flowers with two long and two short separate stamens.
 * Classis 15. Tetradynamia, plants with bisexual flowers with two four long and two short separate stamens.
 * Classis 16. Monadelphia, plants with bisexual flowers where stamens branching from a single stalk
 * Classis 17. Diadelphia, plants with bisexual flowers where stamens branching from two separate stalks
 * Classis 18. Polyadelphia, plants with bisexual flowers with stamens branching from multiple (more than two) stalks
 * Classis 19. Syngenesia, plants with bisexual flowers where stamens are joined all the way up to the pollen-bearing anther.
 * Classis 20. Gynandria, plants with bisexual flowers where the stamens are joined to the pistil
 * Classis 21. Monœcia composed of plants with separate female and male flowers found on the same plant
 * Classis 22. Diœcia composed of plants where female and male flowers are confined to separate plants.
 * Classis 23. Polygamia Composed plants with a mix of unisexual and bisexual flowers.
 * Classis 24. Cryptogamia composed of plants which according to Linnaeus "hide their wedding", spore-bearing plants, mosses, algae, lichen and fungi.