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= Fungshui woodland =

Fungshui woodland or Fengshui woodland, also known as Chinese geomantic woodland, is a region full of vegetation nearby a village. In this essay, I will introduce fengshui woodland from different aspects, including etymology, geographical distribution, its purpose, its relationship with human beings, typology and botany. Plants in woodland can either be natural or planted. In most cases, the plants are planted because people always consider the Fengshui woodland as man-made geographical environment to adjust to the changing Fengshui of some specific buildings or village. In comparison, Fengshui woodland is widely located in Southeast Asia,, while few can be found in western civilization.

In addition, fengshui woodland are related to many Chinese culture concepts, including funerals, the city gods, redecorating the temple, the eight diagrams. Only important individual objects are described.

Etymology
Fungshui woodland and Fengshui woodland can all be traced back to Chinese language system, the former comes from Cantonese, the latter is in Mandarin. The two languages share close correlation, which means their pronunciations are similar. What’s more, the concept of fengshui woodland is also used in Korea and Japan. Given different language system, this word has correspondingly different rules of pronunciation and writing (Pibo in Korea, Ho:go in Japan).

Mainland
Fengshui woodlands in the mainland are mainly located in the southern cities, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and Anhui provinces, to name a few. There are six in Jiangxi, one in Anhui, eight in Fujian, fifteen in Guangdong, four in Hunan and two in Yunnan. Shandong is the only province in the north of China that has one fengshui woodland. The examples above are typical ones, with such a broad territory, some fengshui woodlands are too small to be included in. Unfortunately, due to high degree of destruction and degradation in Fujian and Guangzhou provinces, the two paradigms of fengshui woodlands are lower than other woodlands.

Hong Kong
Large fengshui woodlands are found mainly near the New Territories the northeastern border of which is a remote place. Thanks to the environment there, the large fengshui woodlands have avoided destruction and thus remained intact. Typical fengshui woodland also exist in Shatin, Tai Po and the junction of Lantau and the northwestern New Territories. However, the fengshui woodlands there have smaller size under the influence of human activities. Going south, there is one fengshui woodland in Hong Kong Island in Nam Feng Road.

Korea
According to the Korean historical documents, there was one fengshui woodland during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)Based on the existing studies, some pines and small stone piles still can be found in the current location. One Korean official record indicates there were two artificial hills that were built within the city walls of Seoul. However, most of them disappeared in the wave of urbanization.

Ryukyu
Ho:go, the pronunciation of Fengshui in Ryukyu, it also means Qi and fengshui woodland. Approximately, people have confirmed 180 fengshui woodland, There are many fengshui woodlands in Ryukyu because people always arrange Fengshui woodland in their traditional village. Therefore, fengshui woodland exist on almost every island in Ryukyu, including Okinawa, Miyako, Minna, Ishigaki and Tarama.

Purpose
The main purpose of Fengshui woodland is to change the fengshui of the area. Fengshui woodland is regarded as one plant area with special purpose aiming to change the fengshui of the whole area to some extent. To put it simple, appropriate fengshui can brings luck to the surrounding, including people. Vice versa, inappropriate fengshui can have negative effects. From an in-depth perspective, Chinese geomantic culture does not emphasize the concept that god bless you, but it values the use of human factors, namely to change the environment to achieve physical health, career success, even family reproduction.

The concept of the fengshui woodland does not only exist in China, but also in Korea and Ryukyu. The cultures of both countries elaborate on the word “Qi” holding that Qi is flowing energy. Fengshui woodland can add up to the energy of people. Furthermore, Qi is a concept in Fengshui study, in which  Qi is divided into two types, one is Negative Wind, the other is the air we breathe in (xie qi). In English, xie qi means the undesirable wind, including six subtypes, wind, coolness, dryness, dampness, fieriness and hotness. These negative winds  may make us vulnerable to diseases. The other kind of qi is the opposite of negative qi. It can shield us from negative qi brought by six negative winds. To avoid these winds, people built fengshui woodland to increase the qi we breathe in so that neutralizing the negative qi.

Fengshui woodland also has another description-the eight diagrams. In Chinese eight diagrams, every diagram has unique meaning. 乾Qian, 兌 Duì,離 Lí, 震 Zhèn, 巽 Xùn, 坎 Kǎn, 艮 Gèn, 坤 Kūn. In English, the eight diagrams separately has the nature Heaven/Firmament, Lake/Marsh, Heart of Fire, Thunder, Wind, Water, Mountain and Ground. Chinese believe that the eight diagrams are three-dimensional, with a certain position at the center of eight of them, the positions of them are fixed. Fengshui woodland exerts effects on wind, water, mountain and ground. Therefore, people built fengshui woodland to gain a better eight diagrams.

However, no scientific study can prove the existence of fengshui and whether fengshui can indeed change the prosperity and development of the region.

History
The first record of the concept of fengshui woodland can be dated back to The Three Kingdoms period proposed by Cao Pi (c. 187–226), who is the son of Cao Cao (c. 155 – 15 March 220). Due to the hereditary system adopted in ancient China, Cao Cao was the king of Wei, and his son Cao PI would become the king of Wei. The historians in China in the court at that time would specially take down history as they designated to. Therefore, as long as king said something or did some deeds, historians would record them and at the same time made them credible. These written records are currently available in Records of the Three Kingdoms. In ancient times, a reference of this record is made for the benefits of previous funeral services. Usually after a king dies, the same kind of trees (pines and cypresses) would be planted next to his grave and other unnecessary trees are removed. The earliest style of recorded fengshui woodland was just like that. With the evolution of dynasties and cultures, the types of fengshui woodland also became diversified from single ones (funeral) to multiple ones. And the user were no longer limited to royal family but was also spread to the common people, even foreigners. Fengshui woodland had been found in Korea during the Goryeo (918-1392) dynasties. Then, the fengshui woodlands that has been proved has 57 in different villages in China since the 1990s. Faced with industrial pollution, urbanization and other problems, some of the existing fengshui woodlands are under great threat.

Function
Because of its significant cultural and ecological value, local people in Hong Kong believe that fengshui woodland offers a great sense of security. Also, fengshui woodland is also beneficial to the microclimate. For examples, in winter, fengshui woodland can keep the dry chilly north wind at bay. It also protects village from mountain torrents and sliding mud in the event of landslide. In summer, the destructive effects of typhoons can be greatly mitigated by fengshui woodland, providing cool shade and reduce local temperatures for villagers. From economical perspective, fruit trees in fengshui woodland create extra income to villagers.

Typology
Fengshui woodland is divided into three types according to the location, namely funeral fengshui woodland, village fengshui woodland, and temple fengshui woodland.

Funeral fengshui woodland
On the one hand as the earliest type of fengshui woodland, its content and form did not gone through radical changes. People plant is mainly planted with willow or pine trees as fengshui woodland next to the cemetery. On the other hand, this kind of fengshui woodland also can be applied to such a wide range of the areas from Guangdong Province in China to Korea. However, compared with the other two, it is one of the least used,. According to research data, its ratio is 1.2 percent out of all fengshui woodlands.

Village fengshui woodland
The number of subtypes of Fengshui woodland in the village is more than the other two in which 6 subtypes are included. The first is Back mountain fengshui woodland, the type of fengshui woodland that is often found near ancestral temples (note: ancestral temple is different from ordinary temple in that ordinary temple is where gods are enshrined while ancestral temple is built in name of ancestors ). The second is Shan’ao fengshui woodland, also called the Mountain gap fengshui woodland, which is commonly located in depression on the side of a ridge. The third, Water gate fengshui woodland, has two subtypes, including Water head/village head, Water/village mouth. Head and mouth only differ in geographical position. Head usually refers to the entrance of a village. Correspondingly, mouth refers to exit of a village. The two subtypes of fengshui woodland can be concluded as the type of Water gate because water gate in Jiangxi province is called shui kou. The meaning of Shui kou in Chinese is equivalent to that of water gate in English. It can refers to water/ river in entrance or exit simultaneously. The fourth is Paintbrush holder (Bi jia) fengshui woodland. The name of this type is narrow woodland on the edge of a village. The fifth is homestead fengshui woodland, which has two sub types. One is named wind break fengshui woodland, the other is named footstone fengshui woodland. These two kinds of fengshui woodland are basically built around houses.

Temple fengshui woodland
This type of fengshui woodland includes three subtypes. First is Buddhist and Daoist temple fengshui woodland. Second is Earth god shrine fengshui woodland. Because there is no definition of Earth god in Wikipedia currently, westerners may be confused of it. But unlike the situation in the west, Earth god in China is a god of an area, not the entire Earth. Therefore, there are many Earth gods who are responsible for the peace of their own area in Chinese mythology. The last Bridge temple fengshui woodland. Its name and structure could be different because of the attribute of the temple.

Botany


Vegetation structure and species diversity are the main target of many botanic studies of fengshui woodland. One scholar team compared 138 field samples with samples from large nature reserves after collection. The ecological information about the whole fengshui woodland which covers the ranges community structure, species richness, and average plot abundance can be obtained from the sample analysis. The sample analysis provides a statistical understanding of fengshui woodland. It indicated that fengshui woodland has much higher species diversity then the other types of woodlands and plantations. There are approximately 700 species in 30 samples of fengshui woodland in the Pearl River Delta. From vegetation structure perspective, fengshui woodland is climax vegetation structure of native woodland. The type of structure can effectively provide data of local species.

As for species in fengshui woodland, many plant species of fengshui woodland in the Pearl River Delta are not in all the cases, fengshui woodland with few plant species also exists. In Korean records, the Goryeo dynasty, fengshui woodland within Seoul city wall is mainly pines. One of other contemporaneous fengshui woodlands was formed by willows. The situation is also different from study in Ryukyu, in which among the five surveyed plots in Tarama woodland of Ryukyu fengshui woodland, there are 5 species on average. Calophyllum inophyllum constitutes the largest proportion.

In a floral survey, Hong Kong Fisheries and Conservation Department found 116 local plants in fengshui woodland, among which most of them belong to families of Lauraceae, Moraceae and Euphorbiaceae. In Hong Kong fengshui woodland, Sterculia lanceolate, Aporosa dioica, Aquilaria sinensis and Ardisia quinquegona are the most typical plants. Besides, fruit trees like Longan, Lychee, Wampi, Banana, Pummelo, Mandarin, Rose Apple, Guava and Papaya also grow in the woodland.