User:Robynthehode/sandbox

Circumcision - Violence against men
I have done some searching and found two academic articles that support the idea that circumcision is criminal assault - namely violence against men





Only abstract

Continent Populations

 * Europe - UN
 * Asia - UN
 * Africa - UN
 * N America
 * S America - https://knoema.com/data/south-america+population
 * Australia
 * Australasia
 * Oceania
 * Antartica

Sources

UN US Census - https://www.census.gov/popclock/ https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8rdmp3/revision/1

Continent sizes


 * Europe -
 * Asia - 44,614,000 square kilometres (17,226,200 square miles) https://www.britannica.com/science/continent  https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66721-largest-continent
 * Africa - 30,370,000 km2
 * N America
 * S America -
 * Australia
 * Australasia
 * Oceania
 * Antartica

List of circuses
This is a list of former and extant circus companies that perform a multi-skill multi-date circus production at a touring or permanent venue. This list excludes circus groups, circus schools and other circus organisations who perform circus entertainment outside this definition to enable the list to be manageable.


 * || Country || Town || Years Active || Traditional or Contemporary || Permanent or Touring || Animal Acts || Notes || Ref

Science fiction is defined
"Science fiction" is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. James Blish wrote: "Wells used the term originally to cover what we would today call ‘hard’ science fiction, in which a conscientious attempt to be faithful to already known facts (as of the date of writing) was the substrate on which the story was to be built, and if the story was also to contain a miracle, it ought at least not to contain a whole arsenal of them." Isaac Asimov said: "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." According to Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method." Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado—or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is", and that the reason for there not being a "full satisfactory definition" is that "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it", while author Mark C. Glassy argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it.

Fiction based on imagined future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.

fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals or having a scientific factor as an essential orienting component

Landmark definition
Merriam Webster


 * a structure (such as a building) of unusual historical and usually aesthetic interestespecially : one that is officially designated and set aside for preservation

National Park Service which overseas National Landmarks project

National Historic Landmarks are buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects that have been determined by the Secretary of the Interior to be nationally significant in American history and culture https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/faqs.htm

UNESCO

Cultural and Natural Heritage 45. Cultural and natural heritage are defined in Articles 1 and 2 of the World Heritage Convention.

Article 1 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “cultural heritage”; - monuments: architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; - groups of buildings: groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of history, art or science; -sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and of man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view.

Article 2 For the purposes of this Convention, the following shall be considered as “natural heritage”: - natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of Outstanding Universal Value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view; geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation; Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 20 - natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.

Historic England / UK Government

6. For the purposes of listing, a ‘building’ includes any structure or erection and a ‘listed building’ includes any object or structure: (a) fixed to it; or (b) within its curtilage which, although not fixed to it, forms part of the land and has done so since before 1st July 1948, unless the list entry expressly excludes such things. In some cases, such as for works of art or sculptures, it will be necessary to consider the degree and purpose of annexation to the land or building to determine whether it may be listed under the 1990 Act. 7. Listed buildings are graded to reflect their relative special architectural and historic interest.  Grade I buildings are of exceptional special interest;  Grade II* buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest;  Grade II buildings are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.

Statutory criteria 16. The Secretary of State uses the following criteria when assessing whether a building is of special architectural or historic interest and therefore should be added to the statutory list:  Architectural Interest: To be of special architectural interest a building must be of importance in its design, decoration or craftsmanship. Special interest may also apply to particularly significant examples of building types or techniques (e.g. buildings displaying technological innovation or virtuosity) and significant plan forms. Engineering and technological interest can be an important consideration for some buildings. For more recent buildings in particular, the functioning of the building (to the extent that this reflects on its original design and planned use, where known) will also be a consideration. Artistic distinction can also be a factor relevant to the architectural interest of buildings and objects and structures fixed to them.

 Historic Interest: To be able to justify special historic interest a building must illustrate important aspects of the nation’s history and / or have closely substantiated historical associations with nationally important individuals, groups or events; and the building itself in its current form will afford a strong connection with the valued aspect of history.

List of tallest clock towers
A list of the tallest structures with clocks on their exterior that can be seen from the ground. The list includes various structures with a working clock face or faces on their exteriors. The first type of structure are proper Clock towers which are structures that fulfil the definition of a tower with a clock face or faces on the exterior wall or walls. Possibly the most famous example is the colloquially termed Big Ben. Some structures of this type were originally built as bell towers and had the clocks added later, such as the Springfield Campanille. Some clock towers of this type are freestanding, such as the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, while others are attached to, or on top of, buildings such as the tower on the Philadelphia City Hall. The second set of structures are buildings (rather than towers) that had clock faces on the exterior as part of their original design such as the Wrigley Building. The third set of structures are buildings that have had a clock face or faces added after the original building was constructed such as the Palace of Culture and Science. This division of structures with clock faces follows the general terminology used in related articles and follows CTBUH criteria. For the purposes of comparison and clarity this list includes all structures with clocks and clock faces of the types previously described. The list includes all clock 'tower' structures with a height of at least 40 m.


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Sources

Sydney GPO http://visitsydneyaustralia.com.au/gpo.html https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?id=5045424

Vancouver Tower 80.3m 1912 Clock face 6.7m https://www.emporis.com/buildings/113300/vancouver-block-vancouver-canada 80.7m https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/vancouver-block/26035

Vancouver City Hall

Belfry of Thuin https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/belfry-of-thuin

Charleroi City Hall Belfry https://www.cm-tourisme.be/en/a/the-belfry

Academic libraries in Leuven https://www.radissonhotels.com/en-us/destination/belgium/leuven/university-library#

Dendermonde City Hall and Belfry https://www.toerismedendermonde.be/product/873/town-hall-and-belfry

Aaist Belfry https://www.emporis.com/buildings/249154/belfort-van-aalst-aalst-belgium

Santo Tomas University Main Building https://www.bestcollegereviews.org/the-10-tallest-university-clock-towers/

Purdue University Bell Tower https://engineering.purdue.edu/Intranet/Users/carol.s.stwalley.1/MyPictures/bell_tower.jpg/ptPreview

Salt Lake Town Hall http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp//habshaer/ut/ut0100/ut0168/data/ut0168data.pdf https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMBEWN_Salt_Lake_City_and_County_Building_Steeple

Helsinki Central Station https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/helsinki-central-station/ https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20131203-all-aboard-stunning-stations

Antwerp Cathedral https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-timeline https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-world-heritage https://www.dekathedraal.be/en/gothic-tower

Ypres Cloth Hall https://web.archive.org/web/20060513092554/http://www.trabel.com/ieper/ieper-clothhall.htm http://www.greatwar.co.uk/ypres-salient/town-ieper-cloth-hall-lakenhalle.htm

Dunkirk Belfry https://www.dunkirk-tourism.com/What-to-see-do/Heritage/Sites-and-historical-monuments/Beffroi-de-Saint-Eloi https://www.britannica.com/place/Dunkirk-France

Lille City Hall https://en.lilletourism.com/l-hotel-de-ville-et-son-beffroi.html

Muntorren Amsterdam https://www.amsterdamforvisitors.com/munttoren-amsterdam

Helsinki Cathedral https://helsingintuomiokirkko.fi/en/index/historyofthecathedral.html#thechurchtowers

Calais Town Hall http://www.calais.ws/CalaisTownHall.htm

Arras Town Hall http://arras-france.com/arras-belfry-and-the-town-hall/

Ghent Belfry https://www.belfortgent.be/en/home https://www.gandante.be/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Engelse-flyer.pdf https://cosmopoliclan.com/travel-with-kids/inspiration/belfry-of-ghent-belgium/

Mons Belfry https://www.visitmons.be/reserver-en-ligne/musees/beffroi-de-mons-537140

Waterbury Train Station http://www.trainweb.org/rshs/GRS%20-%20Waterbury.htm

Portland Union Train Station http://splintercat.org/UnionStation/UnionStation.html

Clock Faces Table
Photos for table



File:Pittsburgh South Side 2019-08-05 Duquesne Brewery Clock.jpg

Colgate Clock Jersey City (1 of 2) (3157735699).jpg

A list of the largest permanent working clocks with the largest faces in the world. Entries include all clocks with faces at least 4 m in diameter. Clocks can be located on the exterior or interior of buildings, and towers as well as on the ground as is the case with floral clock faces.

Temporarily installed clocks
A list of clocks that have been installed as temporary structures. Other criteria apply as above for new entries except that all entries are planned temporary structures.

The largest timepiece had a clock face area of 8.42 km² (3.25 mi²) and was created by Jim Bowers (USA). It was measured at the Burning Man festival in the Black Rock Desert, Nevada, USA, on 5 September 2011. The clock was created with the help of lasers and "hour towers" that were set up in a circle around the laser at the centre. The average length of a laser clock arm was 1,636.8 m (1.02 miles) long. It took 13 months to create the clock. It was used to count down the hours until the burning of "The Man".

The following clocks were installed temporarily in order to set "largest clock" records:
 * The World's "Largest Timepiece" as recorded by Guinness World Records was created by artist Jim Bowers, with an official diameter of 1.75 Miles. The timepiece incorporated 3 lasers (hour/minute/seconds) at night, and the clocks 48' tall central laser tower acted as a sundial during the day (casting a shadow out to 14 granite numbered slabs embedded in the ground). The "1MileClock" mechanism was engineered by laser physicist, Marcus Hertlein (Lawrence Berkely Lab) and software for the device was created by scientist Tim Black. A total of 58 artists from around the world contributed to the project.
 * Scania Clock is a clock created with 14 Scania trucks driving for 24 hours at an abandoned airfield in Spain, showing on the web the local time where you are. It has a diameter of 300 metres and area of 70,000 square metres.

Clock faces article text archive

 * Abraj Al Bait Towers clock in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, a 43-metre diameter clock built on a 601-metre hotel tower in front of the Ka'ba.
 * Istanbul Cevahir clock in Istanbul, a 36-metre clock with 3-metre-high digits laid on the transparent roof of the mall, built in 2005.
 * The floral clock in Surat, India, a 24.20-meter diameter and each of its hands weighs 800 kg, built by Chennai-based Clock India.
 * Kryvyi Rih clock with a dial diameter of 22 meters and a length of a minute arrow of 13 meters. The clock dial is a concrete circle, which consists of 12 sectors planted with 22 thousands of flowers of six species.
 * Central do Brasil clock in Rio de Janeiro, a 20-metre diameter four-face clock on top of a 135-metre tower in a railway station, built in 1943.
 * Duquesne Brewery Clock (Duquesne Brewing Company Clock), Pittsburgh, a single 18-metre octagonal clock built by Audichron of Atlanta, Georgia, in 1933, with 8.5-metre and 6.4-metre aluminium hands.
 * Colgate Clock (New Jersey), a 15.2-metre clock built in 1924 in New Jersey to replace the old Colgate Clock, which was moved to Indiana.
 * Flower clock, Tehran, a 15-metre flower clock. It weighs 750 kg, and was installed on 7 June 2005.
 * Grozny-City Towers Facade Clocks, Grozny City, Chechnya-Russia, is a 13.6-meter diameter, two-piece clock built on 140-meter height and placed northwest and southeast sides of the highest Grozny City Tower. The clocks were built in September 2011 by Erben Kontrol/ Turkey with 7.30 m and 5.55 m pair of hands.
 * Allen-Bradley Clock Tower in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, four 12.25-meter clocks on an 86-metre tower, started keeping time on October 31, 1962 and was the biggest four-faced clock at the time. Each hour hand is 4.8 m long and weighs 220 kg. Each minute hand is 6.1 m long and weighs 240 kg. The hour markings are 1.2 m high.
 * Colgate Clock (Indiana), a 12-metre clock, built in 1906 in New Jersey for the centennial of the Colgate Company. Moved to Indiana in 1924.
 * The floral clock in Frankfort, Kentucky, a 34 ft face with minute and hour hands that are 20 ft and 15 ft long, respectively. The clock face is composed of over 10,000 individual flowers.
 * The clock of the railway station Gare de Cergy - Saint-Christophe is the largest clock in Europe with a diameter of 10 meters.
 * The four-sided clock of the Mercantile National Bank Building in Dallas, Texas has a diameter of 9.4 meters.
 * The clock of the Aarau railway station is 9 meters in diameter. It behaves almost completely like a standard Swiss railway station clock.
 * The clock on the main building of the Moscow State University is 9 metres in diameter. There are also a barometer and a thermometer of the same size.
 * St. Stephen's green shopping centre, Dublin, an 8.99-meter clock.
 * St. Peter, Zürich, an 8.7-meter clock, built in 1534, the biggest church clock face.
 * Oslo City Hall, an 8.6 meter clock on the east tower south side.
 * Raketa Monumental in Detsky Mir on Lubyanka Square in Moscow, 8-meter clocks with a 13 meters pendulum. It is the world's largest clock movement. Total weight of the movement is 5 tons.
 * Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, 8-meter clocks on all four side of this 213-meter tower built in 1909. Each hours hand weighs 350 kg and each minutes hand weighs 500 kg.
 * Ostend Leopoldpark: flower clock 51.22899°N, 2.91488°W. The flowerbed has a diameter of approximately 9 m. Its minutes hand, made out of copper and covered with leaf gold (size 4 m) weighs 90 kg, the hour hand (3 m) 70 kg. Originally constructed in 1933 and moved to its current location in 1963 due to nearby road enlargement.
 * Philadelphia City Hall, 7.9 meters clocks on all four sides of the metal portion of this 167 meters tower built in 1901.
 * Shell Mex House, The Strand, London 7.62 meters on a 12 story Thames side building built in 1930 on the site of the Cecil Hotel.
 * Royal Liver Building clock, Liverpool, four 7.6 meters clocks on two 90 meters towers, three on the riverside tower and one on the landward tower, built in 1911.
 * Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord, Prague, 7.6 meters clocks on flat 42 meter tower, built in 1932.
 * Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Baltimore, Maryland, four 7.3 meters clocks on an 88 meters tower built in 1911. The largest four dial gravity clock in the world.
 * Minneapolis City Hall, 7.0 meter clocks on four sides with chimes on the quarter, half, and full hour. 345 ft tower. Largest four-faced, chiming clock.
 * Big Ben, London, 6.9 meter clocks on all four sides of this 96-meter tower built in 1859.
 * The Ayer Mill Clock Tower, Lawrence, Massachusetts, 6.75 m clock built in 1909.
 * Custom House Tower, in Boston, Massachusetts, features 6.7-meter clocks on each of the four sides of the 1915 tower, 151 meters in the sky.
 * Palace of Culture and Science, Warsaw, Poland, four 6.2-meter clocks installed in 2000 on the top of the 237-meter skyscraper built in 1955.
 * Kremlin clock, Moscow, 6.12 meters chiming clock on all four sides of the Spasskaya Tower of Moscow Kremlin. First clock on the Spasskaya Tower was installed in the 16th century; current (fully mechanical) mechanism dates back to 1851.
 * Old City Hall, Toronto, four 6-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour on a 103.6-meter tower. Part of Toronto's third city hall (1899), it serves as a terminating vista for Bay Street, and it was first rung at midnight, 1 January 1900.
 * Wrigley Building, Chicago, four 19 foot 7 inch (5.97 meter) clock faces at the 25th and 26th floor levels of 30-floor 425 ft (130 m) tower. The hour hands measure 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m), and the minute hands measure 9 ft 2 in (2.79 m). The hands were originally made of redwood, but were recently replaced with aircraft aluminum for better durability. The clocks are at a prominent position, visible east and west along the Chicago River, and south along Michigan Avenue, and are frequently viewed by people on the street or in nearby buildings to check the time.
 * L'horloge fleurie (flower clock), Geneva, 5 m clock built in 1955, modernized in 2002.
 * Peace Tower, Ottawa, four 4.8-meter clocks with chimes every quarter-hour. Named for the thousands of Canadians who lost their lives in World War I, the Peace Tower is the central, tallest, and most dominant feature of Centre Block on Parliament Hill. Built between 1916 and 1927 in the Gothic Revival style, Centre Block and the Peace Tower replaced the original Centre Block and the Victoria Tower after they burned to the ground in 1916.

Continents Discussion
Assessment of sources

1. Encyclopaedia of World Geography - okay 2. Justin Holman - Geographical Perspectives - Citation is a blog and author is not an authority on geography - not a reliable source 3. Kidzone Geography - looks like a self published website. No sources as to where information is from. No authors mentioned - not a reliable source 4. TV website - no sources, no authors - possibly a supplementary source 5. Worldometer - provides info on all continent number models and states the 7 continent one is the most widely used. Using their 4 continent argument would have to be referenced so not undue 6. Universe Today - a blog as far as I can see. Does say sources for article - National Geographic but also Wikipedia (this is circular sourcing). I don't think this is a reliable source 7. UCSB Scienceline - reliable but does state when asked about how many continents there are - 'What it all comes down to is how the text book author defines "continent" ' 8. Wonderopolis - okay but selective use of quote. This source supports the 7 continent model as well. So again discussing various continent models rather than providing an argument to support any specific one. Although it does state 7 continent model is most widely used. 9. Myth of Continents - reliable 10. Worldometer - as above 11. Universe Today - as above