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Sahiwal (Punjabi and ), formerly known as Montgomery, is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 21st largest city of Pakistan by population and the administrative capital of both Sahiwal District and Sahiwal Division. Sahiwal is approximately 180 km from the major city Lahore and 100 km from Faisalabad and lies between Lahore and Multan. Sahiwal is approximately 152 meters above the sea level.

The city lies in a densely populated region between the Sutlej and Ravi rivers. The principal crops are wheat, cotton, tobacco, legumes, potato and oil seeds. Cotton goods and lacquered woodwork are manufactured.

History
Following the Ummayad Arab conquest of the Punjab cities of Uch and Multan, led by Muhammad bin Qasim, Arabs of the Emirate of Multan ruled the region of Sahiwal for a few centuries. Then Sahiwal remained part of the Multan province of the Mamluk dynasty. Sahiwal also remained associated with the historic city of Depalpur.

The modern-day city of Sahiwal was founded in 1865 when a train station was built at the site of a small village on the Karachi-Lahore railway line. The site was named Montgomery for Sir Robert Montgomery, then lieutenant governor of the Punjab and it replaced Gogera as the capital of the recently created Montgomery district. Two years later in 1867, it was constituted a municipality.

In 1914 construction began of the Lower Bari Doab Canal which now irrigates both the city and the wider region.

During the Partition of India in 1947 the city, being part of Montgomery district, was allocated to Pakistan by the Punjab Boundary Commission. This was on the basis of being a Muslim-majority area, despite claims from the Indian National Congress and Sikh groups on the basis of greater property ownership and revenues paid to the state.

Climate
The climate of Sahiwal district is extreme, reaching 47 °C in summer, and down to 5 °C in winter. The soil of the district is very fertile. The average rainfall is about 2000 mm.

Education
Notable educational institutes of the city include:


 * University of Sahiwal
 * COMSATS University, Sahiwal Campus
 * Barani Institute of Sciences
 * Sahiwal Medical College
 * Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal
 * Punjab College of Science
 * The Superior College
 * Army Public Schools & Colleges System (APSCS)
 * Beaconhouse School System
 * The City School
 * Divisional Public School and College
 * The Educators
 * Government Postgraduate College Sahiwal

Twin city
Sahiwal is twinned with the town of Rochdale, in Greater Manchester, England. Approximately eight per cent of Rochdale's population is of Asian origin, most of whom have links with Pakistan. The twinning arrangement was agreed between Rochdale and Sahiwal in 1998.

Sahiwal's EGDI Score
According to the **United Nations E-Government Survey 2022**, which is the 12th edition of the United Nations’ assessment of the digital government landscape across all 193 Member States, Pakistan's E-Government Development Index (EGDI) score was **0.53** in 2022 ¹.

The EGDI is a composite index that measures the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to deliver public services. It is based on three dimensions: **Online Service Index (OSI)**, **Telecommunication Infrastructure Index (TII)**, and **Human Capital Index (HCI)** ³. The EGDI score ranges from 0 to 1, with higher scores indicating better e-government development ³.

(1) UN E-Government Survey 2022 - United Nations. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2022.

Notable people

 * Mushtaq Ahmed, former test cricketer
 * Majeed Amjad, Urdu poet
 * Tariq Aziz, television anchor
 * H.K.L Bhagat, politician and former Union Minister of Parliamentary Affairs of India
 * Dildar Pervaiz Bhatti, (TV artist, compere, comedian, anchor)
 * Brigadier Kuldip Singh Chandpuri, Indian Army Officer
 * Attash Durrani, Urdu writer and scholar
 * Manzoor Elahi, former test cricketer
 * Mehdi Hasan, journalist and historian
 * Rana Mohammad Hanif Khan, politician and former Finance Minister of Pakistan