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The Liverpool Irish is a unit of the British Territorial Army, raised as infantry in 1860 and transferred to the Royal Artillery as an anti-aircraft regiment in 1947. The Liverpool Irish has since reduced to "A" Troop, in 208 (3rd West Lancashire) Battery, 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment. The regiment provides individual reinforcements to regular artillery regiments equipped with the AS-90 and L118.

Liverpool's large Irish community formed the 64th Lancashire Rifle Volunteer Corps on 25 April 1860, one of many volunteer corps raised in Lancashire during a period of heightened tension with France. The corps (later renumbered the 18th) was briefly incorporated into the 2nd Administrative Battalion, which was formed to organise other volunteer corps in the county. The 64th formally became the "Liverpool Irish" Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1864.

Under the localisation scheme implemented during the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Armed Forces, the Liverpool Irish became the 5th (Irish) Volunteer Battalion of the King's (Liverpool Regiment).

Second Boer War
An advert published in the Liverpool Echo

Bidwill and the Liverpool Irish were often accussed of Irish Republican sympathies and some even claimed it had trained members of a radical nationalist group. Conversely, Bidwill, a liberal Catholic importer of corn, opposed home rule and frequently Throughout its early history, the Liverpool Irish and Colonel Bidwill were

In contrast to the 10th Battalion (Liverpool Scottish), mostly composed of the middle-class, the Liverpool Irish contained many men of an impoverished background. The reputation it acquired by virtue of its Irish identity was reflected in Lord Derby's judgement of the battalion. In a letter written to Lieutenant-General George MacDonogh after the First World War, Lord Derby described the battalion as "unsatisfactory...very insubordinate". Disciplinary problems were associated with the Liverpool Irish during peacetime

The battalion was not mobilised intact during the Second Boer War; instead, drafts were provided for the Imperial Yeomanry and King's, and a service company attached to the 1st Royal Irish Regiment. In all, 224 volunteered. The contribution of the Liverpool Irish was recognised with a single battle honour: "South Africa 1900-02". Haldane's reforms established the Territorial Force in 1908 and organised it into brigades and divisions administered by County Associations. The battalion, renumbered the 8th, became subordinated to the Liverpool Brigade, West Lancashire Division. The battalion's strength was recorded Co be 942 all-ranks in 1910. With a recorded strength of 91910, the Liverpool J.A. Cooney
 * Colonel Sir Gerard McClellan
 * Colonel James Graeme Bryson OBE TD JP DL LlM, Registrar to the High Court of Justice Liverpool County Court. Former Commanding Officer of 626 (Liverpool Irish) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment Royal Artillery (1952-1955)

World War I
At the onset of war, in August 1914, the Liverpool Irish mobilised and moved to Canterbury. Two duplicate battalions were raised in October 1914 and May 1915, designated as the 2/8th and 3/8th respectively. Territorial soldiers who were unable to volunteer for overseas service formed the 2/8th, which became responsible for training recruits. The 2/8th was, however, dispatched to the Western Front in February 1917, with the 57th Division's 171st (2nd Liverpool) Brigade. The third-line remained responsible for training recruits and was ultimately absorbed by the 7th (Reserve) Battalion, West Lancashire Reserve Brigade.

After reassigned to the North Lancashire Brigade in February 1915, the Liverpool Irish and landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer in May, one month after the brigade was assigned to the 51st (Highland) Division. Heavy casualties were sustained in the battalion's first engagement of the war, in the Second Action at Givenchy (15-16 June). As the only battalion remaining in the brigade able to undertake an attack, the other three having incurred heavy losses on the first-day, the Liverpool Irish was ordered to. Much of the Liverpool Irish fell as they advanced across no man's land, opposed by artillery, rifle, and machine-gun fire. The few that penetrated the first-line of the German trenches eventually retired to British lines.



When the West Lancashire Division was reformed in January 1916, the battalion and its brigade returned to their original division. A group of specially-trained volunteers from the Liverpool Irish conducted the division's first major raid on German trenches, at Ransart on the night of 17 April. Split into two parties of wirecutters and raiders, the Liverpool Irish entered the trench system and proceeded to grenade three dug-outs and destroy a munitions store The raiders' sole fatality, Second-Lieutenant Edward Felix Baxter, was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross.

The division arrived in the Somme area on 25 July and moved to the frontline opposite the village of Guillemont on 30 July. Guillemont, where other battalions of the King's Regiment had fought, was the 1/8th's next major battle, on 8 August. Rapidly advancing in conditions that made visibility poor, the Liverpool Irish reached and entered the village. Progress had been so sudden that the first-line trenches remained uncleared of German troops. Their support Effectively unsupported after the 1/4th Loyal Regiment was compelled to withdraw, the Liverpool Irish were isolated and surrounded. Casualties numbered 15 officers and men killed, 55 wounded, and 502 missing. The battle for Guillemont was renewed the following night but the village was not captured until 3 September.

Reorganisation in January 1918 resulted in the 1/8th absorbing the 2/8th and transferring to the latters brigade, with Lieutenant-Colonel E.C. Heath of the 1/8th retaining his command. The consolidated 8th battalion was assigned to the 2/8th's 171st Brigade. When the armistice came into effect on 11 November, the Liverpool Irish was billeted at Hellemmes. The end of hostilities was noted in the battalion's war diary: "Armistice signed."

Almost four-years of service on the Western Front had resulted in the Liverpool Irish incurring substantial losses. During the period of their attachment to the 55th Division, casualties for the 1/8th amounted to 475 officers and men dead; 1,575 wounded; and 410 missing. Two soldiers from the battalion were executed during the war: Privates Joseph Brennan and Bernard McGeehan, both charged with desertion.

Reduction in national expenditure following the war (the "Geddes Axe") reduced the British Armed Forces and the Liverpool Irish was disbanded in 1922.

World War II
The Territorial Army was expanded in March 1939 and the Liverpool Irish resultingly reformed with headquarters at the Embassy Rooms, Mount Pleasant. Recruitment commenced in May and Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Michael Murphy was appointed as the battalion's first commanding officer. Murphy was succeeded to command by Colonel William Henry Hynes, Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, in 1940. For three-years, the battalion trained and was assigned various duties across Britain, initially in Morecambe and Yorkshire. As Allied plans to invade occupied France developed in 1943, the Liverpool Irish was selected to form the nucleus of the 7th Beach Group. Objectives delegated to the beach groupon an invasion beach were to maintain organisation, secure positions, and provide defence against counter-attack. Extensive specialist training occurred in Ayrshire and other parts of Britain under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel W.J. Humphrey.



On 30 May, the Liverpool Irish moved from its camp in southern England to the port of Southampton and embarked aboard troopships and landing ship tanks in early June. Part of the Liverpool Irish embarked aboard the Ulster Monarch, formerly a passenger ship on the Belfast-Liverpool line. After a delay of 24-hours, the invasion fleet proceeded to Normandy on 5 June. The 7th Beach Group landed at Juno Beach with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on 6 June.

Two companies of the Liverpool Irish were assigned to the "Mike Green" and "Mike Red" areas, at Graye-sur-Mer, where the Royal Winnipeg Rifles suffered heavy casualties. Under intense machine-gun and mortar fire, the landing of Major E.M. Morrison's "A" Company proceeded well and a command-post was established after reaching the sand dunes. In "B" Company's area, the late arrival of the reconnaissance party and DD tanks exposed the landing infantry to heavy machine-gun fire. The company's officer commanding, Major O'Brien, and the second-in-comannd were among those wounded. While under fire, the beach group collected the wounded and dead, located and marked minefields, attempted to maintain organisation, and directed vehicles and troops inland.

On 7 June, a bomb released by a lone Luftwaffe fighter exploded amongst the anti-tank platoon of the Liverpool Irish, killing 15 and badly wounding seven. Employment with the beach group continued for a further six-weeks. Notification was received on 14 July, via a letter written by General Montgomery, that the Liverpool Irish was to be disbanded. Depleted by losses and the transfer of soldiers to other units as reinforcements, the Liverpool Irish was   placed in a state of "suspended animation" on 31 August. Many of the battalion's were dispersed to other regiments in the Army,.

When the Territorial Army was reconstituted in 1947, the Liverpool Irish reformed as 626 Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment. The Liverpool Irish reduced to "Q" battery, 470 (3rd West Lancashire) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, in 1950, and was further reduced to a troop in 1967. Individuals from 103 Regiment have been deployed on active operations in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Iraq


 * Mention exclusive nature of the Liverpool Scottish: its "socially élite" composition, annual subscription, preodminantly middle-class, university.
 * World War I: Kaiser Bill, Third Ypres, Cambrai, Spring Ofennsive, Hundred Days. Projected number of paragraphs: 4/5.
 * World War II: Third paragraph; account of No. 2 Commando's activities

Colonel-in-Chief

 * King George V

Colonels-of-the-Regiment

 * 3 June 1860 Major-General Eaton Monins,
 * 17 June 1861 General Thomas Gerrard Ball
 * 19 December 1881 General John Longfield, CB
 * 28 February 1889 General Lord Alexander George Russell, GCB
 * 1 May 1891 General George William Powlett Bingham, CB
 * 1899 Lieutenant-General Robert Stuart Baynes
 * 1902 Lieutenant-General George Edward Baynes
 * 1906 General Sir Edward Henry Clive
 * 1916 General Sir William Henry Mackinson, GCB, KCVO
 * 1923 General Sir Charles Harington Harington, GCB, GBE, DSO, DCL
 * 1940 Major-General Clifton Edward Rawdon Grant Alban, CBE, DSO
 * 1947 General Sir Alfred Dudley Ward, GCB, KBE, DSO
 * 1957 Brigadier Richard Nicolas Murray Jones, CBE

Commanding officers
5TH//8TH kING'S

lt cOL Ian Paterson 1980? lt col Christopher Woodhouse 1985? lT COL Roger Haslop 1988 Colonel Martin Amlót, OBE, DL 1990-92

King's and Cheshire Regiment

LT Col David Richardson, MBE 1999 LT Col Peter Rafferty, MBE 2006?

1st Battalion

NEHEMIAH DONNELLAN Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon Drummond 1794- ROBERT YOUNG A. CUNNINGHAM ROBERTSON Lieutenant-Colonel Charles St. Lo Malet 1842-1845 25 October 1842. Page 9
 * James Wolfe
 * LT Col (general) Cathcart 1826-1836 verified
 * Lieutenant-Colonel
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Henry Winchcombe Hartley 1845- 16 December 1845. Page 7


 * LT COL (General) John Longfield, CB 1846

John Rüssel,
 * Colonel Richard Hartley ?-1857
 * LT COL Edward Greathred 1857-?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Tanner, CB
 * lIUETNENA-TCOlonel R.G.H. Taylor
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Dawson 1889-post 91
 * lIUETNENA-TCOlonel R.G.H. Taylor
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Dawson 1889-post 91

1881? Lieutenant-Colonel George Henry Cochrane Lt COL G. Astell 1945 http://www.geocities.com/pentagon/barracks/5630/co15para.html LT COL G. Lea, DSO 45-46
 * LT COL Llewellyn S. Mellor 1899- verified
 * LT COL Llewellyn S. Mellor 1899- verified
 * Lieutenant-Colonel William Stirling Bannatyne -1914 (KIA) verified
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Beresford Cecil Molyneux Carter November 1914-March 1915 (wounded)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Potter -March 1916
 * Temporary Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Edward Goff ?-1916 (killed in action)
 * lt col David Murray Murray-Lyon, DSO, MC November 1917-April 1918 verified
 * (Temporary) Major W. C. Smith April 1918-30 April 1918 verified
 * Lieutenant-Colonel D. M. King 30 April 1918-1919 verified
 * LT Col Jones 1920?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Hudson, CMG, DSO 1921?-1923 6 April 1923. Page 12
 * Lieutenant-Colonel D.M.A. Sole, DSO ?-1936
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Clifton Edward Rawdon Grant Alban 1936-1939 verified
 * ?Lt COL Terence Brandham Hastings Otway 1945
 * Lieutenant-Colonel K.S Binney -1947?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Sam Hannaford 1951?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Archie J. Snodgrass November 1952-?
 * ?Lt COL J. A. de V. Reynolds, DSO 1956-1957 63576

Lt COL Paul Simm 1982? ?LT COL Nick Hepworth 1982? LT COL Jeremy Gaskell -1987 LT Col Malcolm Anthony Grant Haworth 1987-1989 480313 LT COL Graeme McDonald 1989-1991? Lieutenant-Colonel Robin Hodges 1991?2?-1994 LT Cliver Hodges 1994-? LT Colonel Christopher Owen 1997? lt col Bob Barnes 2000? Lt COL Ciaran Munchin Griffin, obe 2003 2004?

Liuetneant-Colonel (later general) Sir Duncan Alexander Cameron, GCB

2nd Battalion
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Schletter, CB
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Horatio J. Evans

Lieutenant-Colonel Forster Longfield 1881? Lieutenant-Colonel O'Donnel Colley Grattan, DSO 1900?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel A.A. Le MESURIER, 1885
 * Lieutenant-Colonel E.H. Clive, 1901?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur W.H. Tripp 1904
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Garnon=Williams 1944?
 * LT COL W. H. Robins 45?

3rd Battalion

Lieutenant-Colonel (+ Hoo) Nicolas Blundell, esq 1881 26 July 1881. Page 4 lIEUTENANT-cOLONEL Charles Sutton Garaoway 1880s? LT Walter George Raleigh Chichester-Constable

Lt COL J. Mount-Batten -ca 1901

4th Battalion

Lieutenant-Colonel (+ Hoo) Nicolas Blundell, esq 1881 26 July 1881. Page 4


 * 27 July 1881 Lieutenant-Colonel Richard George Bomford Bolton 26 July 1881. Page 4

5th King's


 * 1859 Captain-Commandant (later Lt Col) Nathaniel George Philip Bousfield, The London Gazette, 8 June 1860. p3
 * Captain Charles Edward Crosbie?, The London Gazette, 12 June 1860. p18
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Frederick Smith 1890s?


 * LT Col Arthur Hill Holme 1880s?
 * lt cOL S. C. S. Cohen
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Edward John Stanley, The Lord Stanley (1947?) 74155

Honorary Colonel E.H, Earl of Derby

1/5th King's


 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.M. McMaster pre-1914-?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Stanley S.G. Cohen
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.J. Shute, CMG, DSO, TD
 * Lieutenant-Colonel A. Buckley
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.J. Shute, CMG, DSO, TD
 * Lieutenant-Colonel H.G. Keet, DSO, MC -1921?

2/5th King's'''


 * Lieutenant-Colonel J. Stanley-Cohen ?-1917

6th (Rifle) Battalion

Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Edward Crosbie

Lieutenant-Colonel Castle Spencely
 * 1860s Hon Colonel T. S. Gladstone
 * 1882-1903 vacant
 * General Sir Charles jOHN Burnett, kcb, KCVO (HON COL)  1910
 * lt col (HON COL E. j. Harrison LT Col Eustace Harrison 1916
 * Lieutenant-Colonel S.T.J. Perry, MC, TD ~1936
 * Lieutenant-Colonel W. H. Hand 1901-?
 * LT COL and HON Col George Adshead Wilson (1908-

Lieutenant-Colonel H.D. Spencely, TD 1914
 * 1859 Captain-Commandant (later LT COL) Adam Stuart Gladstone, The London Gazette 8 June 1860. p3

1/6th

Lieutenant-Colonel E.J. Harrison Lieutenant-Colonel R. Wainwright, TD Lieutenant-Colonel J.B. McKaig, DSO -1921

2/6th


 * LT COL W.A.L. Fletcher -July 1917
 * Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. N.C. Gathorne July 1917-

7TH kING'S


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Stephen Frederick Pilkington
 * lt cOL Thomas Thornycroft Vernon 1919?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel H. Wright (1939
 * ~1921 Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Henry Hemelryk 26 April 1921. Page 6

1/7th King's
 * Lieutenant-Colonel H. Wright, TD 6 January 1939. p8

Lieutenant-Colonel S.C. Marriott Lieutenant-Colonel C.K. Potter, DSO, MC
 * March 1915 Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Stott

2/7th King's


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Slater (sick August 1917)
 * Major J. Burnie (temporary)
 * Major Stafford (temporary)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel C.S. Baines 1917-?

8th (Irish)


 * Captain-Commandant James Gunning Plunkett 1860-61 The London Gazette, 15 March 1861.p3
 * Captain-Commandant (later Lieutenant-Colonel) Peter Silvester Bidwill 1861-1883 22 March 1861. Page 3 6 July 1883. Page 6


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Joseph Gillow 1884-1885 19 September 1884. Page 4 19 June 1885. Page 6
 * Lieutenant-Colonel William Walker 1885-1887 2 October 1885. Page 4 9 December 1887. Page 13
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Walker 1887(8)?


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Carruthers 1898- 2 September 1898. Page 3
 * 21 March 1921 Lieutenant-Colonel James Joseph O'Hea


 * Lieutenant-Colonel E.M. Murphy August 1939-1940
 * Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Hynes 1940-1942
 * Lieutenant-Colonel K.S. Binny May 1942
 * Lieutenant-Colonel W.J. Humphrey, OBE, MC 1943-1944 5314
 * Lieutenant-Colonel James Graeme Bryson 1952-1956

Honorary Colonel: Lieutenant-Colonel P.S. Bidwell 30 July 1887. p8


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Carruthers -1900
 * Lieutenant-Colonel M. E. Byrne
 * Honorary Colonel Valentine Charles, The Earl of Kenmare (1908-
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Taylor
 * LT Col Balfour 1916

1/8th
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.A. Cooney ?-1914
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.A. Campbell-Johnson 1914-November 1915
 * Lieutenant-Colonel E.A. Fagan November 1915-
 * Major H. Leech 1916 (KIA 1917)
 * Lieutenant-Colonel G.C. Heath, DSO


 * 2/8th Irish


 * Lt Col Baines 1917?


 * 9th Battalion


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Charles E. Hamilton -1881 6 December 1881. P24


 * Lieutenant-Colonel Charles A. Whitney 1892?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.L. Wood -1898? 20 December 1898. p4
 * Lieutenant (+Hon)-Colonel Alfred Isaac Watts -1899? 1 August 1899. P1
 * Lieutenant-Colonel L. Watts

Lieutenant-Colonel S.C. Ball
 * Honorary Colonel George McCorquodale 1892?
 * Honorary Colonel William Hall Walker (1908-
 * Lieuenant-Colonel Samuel Henry Perry
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Lord H. C. Seymour, DSO 1918?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel H. K. S. Woodhouse

1/9th King's
 * Lieutenant-Colonel F.W. Ramsay, CMG DSO
 * Lieutenant-Colonel C.G. Bradley
 * Major H.K.S. Woodhouse, DSO
 * Lieutenant-Colonel F. W. M. Drew, DSO -June 1918


 * 10th Scottish


 * LT COL C. Forbes Bell 1900-?
 * Lieutenant Colonel and Honorary Colonel Andrew Laurie Macfie (1908-
 * LT Col Arthur Akexabder Gemmell, MC (192? 193?

Lieutenant-Colonel W. Nicholl

1/10th


 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.R. Davidson, CMG
 * Lieutenant-Colonel F.W.M. Drew, DSO
 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.L.A. Macdonald, DSO
 * Lieutenant-Colonel D. C. D. Munro, DSO, MC, DCM

11th King's

Honorary Colonel Lord Kitchener
 * August 1914-December 1915? Lieutenant-Colonel V.T. Bailey (wounded)
 * Temproary Major Ogle


 * 13th King's


 * Lieutenant-Colonel A. St. H. Gibbons 1914-
 * Lieutenant-Colonel T.B. Lawrence 1917?

13th Battalion


 * LT COL S. A. Cooke

14th King's


 * Lieutenant-Colonel W. J. 1914?-July 1917
 * Lieutenant-Colonel F. Call July 1917-October
 * Lieutenant-Colonel G.M. Bond October 1917-


 * 17th Battalion


 * LT Col The Lord F. C. Stanley

18th Battalion

LT COL William Richard Pinwill -1918
 * Edward Henry Trotter 1914-16

19th Battalion
 * lt cOL G. Rollo 1916-18?

20th Battalion

J.W.H.T Douglas -1918

25th Battalion


 * LT Col G. H. M. Richey 1919-1920

2nd Garrison Battalion


 * Lieutenant-Colonel J.S. Melville 1917?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel G. Ward November 1917

Unkown

LT COL Edward Metcalfe Beau, CMG, DSO Possible COS
 * lt col Arthur W. H. Tripp -1908 succeeded by G. P. Glynn, CMG
 * LT COL Horatio J. Eva -1908 SUCCEDED BY Louis St. C. Nicholson who was possible succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Charles John Steavenson, CMG
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Hyde Bales 64135
 * LT COL Percy Hudson, DSO
 * lt cOL John Malcolm Harvey
 * LT Col R. H. Haseldine, DSO, OBE
 * Lieutenant-Colonel John Steavenson, CMG
 * LT Col Harold Alfred Denham, OBE
 * COL George Stanley Brighten, DSO
 * lt col hENRY Edward Hazlehurst 60952 1945
 * LT COL Harold Farnell Watson
 * LT COL J. J. Burke-Gaffney

LT COL g. r. stone 1ST? lt cOL s. h. harrison belfast
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Tanner CB 1870s?
 * Lieutenant-Colonel G.L. Oliver
 * Lieutenant-Colonel D.M. King, DSO, MC

8th King's Regiment of Foot

Colonel Francis Moore Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Young General Samuel Huskisson Major-General Daniel Hoghton George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:HPNQaMw9bzgJ:www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/lucanbio.html+%228TH+fOOT%22+Battle&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=32&client=firefox-a late 1900s:
 * Major-General John Hinde, CB
 * Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster
 * LT COL
 * John Brock
 * Isaac Brock
 * James Wikfe
 * James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:Gy74CeMMt74J:www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Fitzjames,_Duke_Of_Berwick+%228TH+fOOT%22+Battle&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=35&client=firefox-a
 * Sir Thomas L.H. Roberts, Bt

Lieutenant-Colonel Mafon Bolton pre-1790
 * Colonel R. W. Barnes, MBE 518109

Same battalion:


 * LT COL W. B. Moorhead 8679
 * succeeded by Major C. P. Moore, mc October 1943-46? 13729
 * sUCCEEDED by Major Eric Louis Bols, CB, DSO 28047

Same battalion:


 * LT COL g. w. Miller, DSO, MC  10716
 * succeeded by T. E. Chad 11800, MC jANUARY 1942

SAD Kingsmen


 * Private James A. Anderson, 12th Battalion, 12 September 1916, "cowardice"
 * Private Joseph Brennan, 1/8th Battalion 16 July 1916, for "desertion"
 * Private John McFarlane, 4th Battalion 22nd May 1918, for "desertion"
 * Private Bernard McGEEHAN, 1/8th King's, 2nd November 1916, "for desertion"
 * Private James C. Smith, 17th Pals, for "desertion and disobedience", 5 September 1917
 * Private James Joseph Tongue, 1st Battalion 8th January 1917, for "desertion"



Others
,Edward Maxwell Morrison, commander of "A" Company, Liverpool Irish, on D-Day 92020
 * Major-General Eric Louis Bols
 * Cuthbert Bromley, a recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Daniel Marcus William Beak, Major-General and Victoria Cross recipient, The Victoria Cross at Sea - Page 173
 * Matt Busby, Footballer and manager
 * Norman Lace Corkhill, nutrionist and zoologist, King's R 1915-19
 * James Connolly, Irish revolutionary and socialist leader
 * Dixie Dean, footballer Keith, Dixie Dean: The Inside Story of a Football Icon, p188
 * William Alfred DIMOLINE, Major-General http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=418&inst_id=21
 * Josepth (Joe) Dines, Olympic gold medallist and footballer
 * James Fitzmaurice, Irish pilot
 * John Joseph Burke-Gaffney, King's and author of regimental history
 * Igino, 7th Baron of Budaq, a Maltese noble
 * John Abbott King, Rugby international for England Giblin (2000), p249
 * Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Air Marshal in the Royal Air Force
 * John Smith MacConnachie, Hibernians, Everton F.C., and Swindon Town footballer
 * Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Fleetwood Pinhey, KCSI CIE lt in regiment 1882, later politician in India
 * Basil Rathbone, actor
 * Charles G.D. Roberts, 16th King's Canadian poet and writer
 * Lancelot Andrew Neil Slocock, rugby international for England Giblin (2000), p249
 * Sydney Smith, professional high diver Giblin, p240
 * Alfred James Teare, politician and Justice of the Peace and Member of the House of Keys]]
 * James Wolfe, a British Army general

Traditions


Royal status and the regiment's cap badge, the White Horse of Hanover, were conferred upon the 8th Foot by King George II for its conduct at Dunblane 1715. "Royal" status in 1745 and was entitled to have blue facings, to denote its status.. In addition to its regimental marches, the 2nd Battalion adopted a traditional Pashtun marching song, "Zachmhi Dhil".

The motto of the regiment was Nec Aspera Terrent, the official motto of the House of Hanover that was granted to the regiment in 1716. Though the official translataion is Nor Do Difficulties Deter, the King's Regiment and others adopted an alternative variation, "Difficulties be Damned". REF The motto was inherited by the regiment's successor, and is now the motto of the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment. REF Underneath the horse was a scroll containing the regiment's title, in Old English script.REF needed Largely symbolic regimental and battalion positions - Colonel-in-Chief, Colonel of the Regiment, and Honorary Colonel - were commonly held by royals, politicians, and senior officers. The latter two positions were predominantly held by senior officers associated with a particular unit. For instance, General Charles Harington Harington, who held the position of Colonl of the Regiment ? to ?, served in the King's for almost 14 years.

The regiment's territorial battalions originated in the volunteer movement of the late 1850s. Disinticve identities developyed by each "rifle volunteer corps" were generally retained when they became battalions of regular regiments. Liverpool's Irish and Scottish communties formed their own battalions, with caubeen and glengarry headdresses, kilts, and pipes.

Uniforms and cap badges were the principal diverging features of a battalion; the 5th possessed ; the uniform of the Liverpoool Scottish included a bonnet and Forbes kilt; the Liverpool Irish donned the caubeen headress, while its pipe band wore saffron kilts and green shawls.

General Sir Charles Harington Harington, GCB, GBE, DSO, DCL (31 May 1872-22 October 1940), was a British Army officer most noted for his service during the First World War and Chanak crisis. During his 46-years in the British Army, Harington served in the Second Boer War, held various staff positions during the First World War, became Deputy Chief of the General Staff, commanded the occupation forces in the Black Sea and Turkey]], and ultimately became Governor of Gibraltar in 1933.

Harington's original surname of "Poë" was changed when he was four-years-old. His father had adopted the maiden name of Charles' grandmother, thus resulting in the double "Harrington". While sailing to Aden as a second-lieutenant, Harington became informally known as "Tim". Fellow officers from his battalion had learnt of the apprehension of then notorious Tim Harington, who had committed ?

Throughout his career, Harington predominantly held staff positions, most prominently as Chief of Staff to Lord Plumer during the First World War. Plumer and Harington forged a close friendship, earning the respect of peers and soldiers alike during the war. In addition to his own memoirs, Harington authored the bigraphy, 'Plumer of Messines'', in 1935.

Early and personal life
Harington was born at Oaklands, Chichester, and educated at Gresson's School and Cheltenham College. In 1904, at Limerick Cathedral, Harrington married the daughter of Brigadier-General O'Donnel Colley Gratten.

A sport enthusiast, Harington was an active swimmer, cricketer, racqueteer, and ?. He established the Army Sports Control Board in 1918 and served as president of numerous army sporting organisations.

Military service
After attending Sandhurst, Harington commissioned into the 2nd Battalion, King's (Liverpool Regiment) in January 1892. He joined the battalion in Aden and was appointed its adjutant in 1897. While seconded during the Second Boer War, Harington was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and described in a despatch as being "an officer of first-rate ability, business capacity and tact".

He was appointed commanding officer of Gentleman Cadets, Sandhurst in 1903. In 1908, Harington transferred to the War Office and Army HQ, where he remained until 1911. At the beginning of the First World War, Harington commanded a company in the 1st King's, based at Aldershot.

He was promoted to brigadier-general and appointed C-in-C, Aldershot Command.

Throughout the 1920s, Harington held various positions in Turkey and India. He firstly took command of the Army of the Black Sea in 1920 and, in 1922, the Army of Occupation in Turkey, which had its headquarters in Constantinople. Harington was instrumental in averting a war between Britain and Turkey during the Chanak crisis in 1922. He remained in command of the occupation force until its withdrawal in.

he ceremony in itself was extremely spectacular and characterized by friendliness. Detachments of British, French, Italian and Turkish troops marched into the big square opposite the Dolma Bagtche Palace amid tumultuous cheers from the populace. The Allies saluted the Turkish flag and the Turks saluted the Allies' flags. The appearance of General Harington, Allied Generalissimo, who, more than any other man, is responsible for having maintained the peace under the most difficult of circumstances, was a signal for a prodigious outburst of enthusiasm from the Turks. When he saluted the Turkish flag and gripped the hand of Salah-Ed-Din Adil Pasha, Military Governor of Constantinople, the crowd broke through the cordon of police and followed the departing Allies to the quay. There was a farewell luncheon party on board the transport Arabic; then the Allies were gone. Later, Turkish troops marched triumphantly into the late capital through streets gay with Turkish flags and strewn with flowers. Religious rites were also solemnized. Turkey belongs to Turkey. Along with his former commander, Plumer, Harington attended the unveiling of the Menin Gate in 1927. Harington authored two books, Plumer of Messines (1935) and Tim Harington Looks Back (1940).

He was promoted to general in 1927. His final appointment Aldershot Command and ADC-General to the King

last appointment was as Governor and Commander-in-Chief Gibraltar in 1930.

aWARDED THE CROIX DE GUERRE 9, 24, 181, 208, 236 Harington maintained formal connections with the British Army through the honorary positions of The King's Regiment, Colonel-Commandant of the Army Educational Corps, and Colonel of the 7th Battalion, King's Regiment and 4th Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment.

Formation
Resistance to the recruitment of black West Indians, mainly from the War Office, prompted King George V to intervene and express support for their recruitment and formal participation in the war. Prior to the regiment's establishment on 26 October 1915, some West Indians who had arrived in Britain were recruited directly into units of the British Army. Many were subsequently transferred to the BWIR, including Trinidadian musician Sam Manning, originally of the Middlesex Regiment. Notification of the regiment's formation was published in the London Gazette on 26 October:

His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve of the formation of a Corps from contingents of the inhabitants of the West India Islands, to be entitled "The British West Indies Regiment."

The contingents that had arrived in England were organised into the 1st Battalion, under the command of Liuetenant-Colonel A.E. Barchard, and began training at Seaford Camp, Sussex. Attitudes within the British Army of the early 20th Century prevented the advancement of non-whites beyond the status of a non-commissioned officer, a prominent exception being Second-Lieutenant Walter Tull of the Middlesex Regiment. Like its historically established regular counterpart, the West India Regiment, the BWIR's officers and senior non-commissioned officers were white, while the other rank and a majority of NCOs were non-white. The battalion consisted of four companies, composed mostly of men from five colonies:


 * British Guiana - "A" Company
 * Trinidad - "B" Company
 * Trinidad and St Vincent - "C" Company
 * Grenada and Barbados - "D" Company

Europe
The third Jamaica contingent embarked aboard the troopship Verdala in March 1916 and began their journey to England. While en route, the Vedala was instructed to divert to Halifax, Nova Scotia, due to German submarine activity. The Jamaican troops were inadequately equipped for the arctic conditions, having retained their tropical issue uniform. About 600 of the 1,130 officers and other ranks developed frostbite and pneumonia, and five died. The vessel subsequently transports the men to Bermuda, where they receieved further medical attention

Having briefly been stationed in Egypt, the 3rd and 4th Battalions were transferred to the Western Front in July 1916. For the duration of hostilities, the duties of the two battalions and the four that followed were limited to labouring and auxiliary. While their duties were strictly non-combat, the battalions were subjected to artillery. Difficulty in acclimitsation was responsible for sickness. tern Front.

Lance-Corporal Thomas Nathaniel Alexander, awarded the Military Medal. His company reputedly covered the withdrawl of a unit in France, in combat.

Middle East
Two battalions (1st and 2nd) operated with the Egyptian Expeditionary Force during the campaign against the Ottoman Empire in Palestine. With the approval of General Edmund Allenby, a machine-gun section was attached to the machine-gun company of the 162nd Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Division. The section supported a number of raids on Ottoman trenches in 1917 and were commended by Allenby and the commanding officer of the MG company for their conduct. The two battalions would not actively serve intact until the Megiddo Offensive in September 1918. Along with two battalions of the Jewish Legion, the 1st and 2nd BWIR were assigned to Major-General Edmund Chaytor's composite force as independent battalions during the Megiddo Offensive in September 1918. The purpose of Chaytor's Force was to act as a diversion on the front of the Ottoman Fourth Army in the Jordan Valley and secure the eastern flank of the main force attacking along the coastal plain. On 19 September, the 2nd Battalion was ordered to attack Ottoman positions in the Jordan hills. Charging across ground under heavy fire, the battalion secured the ridge. Further positions were captured by the two West Indian battalions the following day and an advance to the Jordan crossing at Jisr ed Damiya later conducted. The regiment and the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade secured the crossing intact on 22 September. Approximately 786 soldiers were taken prisoner, including the commanding officer of the Ottoman 53rd Division. Bahr

After the dstruction of two Ottoman armies during the main attack by Allenby, the remnants of the Fourth Army retreated northwards. Elements of Chaytor Force entered Amman. Operating alongside the Australian 1st Light Horse, the 2nd BWIR captured Mafid Jozelah on 23 September. Battle casualties sustained by Chaytor Force were relatively light, but 41 of the 139 casualties came from the regiment's 2nd Battalion. Disease - primarily malaria - affected over 2,400 men of Chaytor Force, from an original complement of 4,000. The strength of the British West Indies Regimen was gradually depleted. Over 500 men from the 1st and 2nd were considered fit for duty.

Taranto and legacy
After the armisice with Germany was signed on 11 November, the regiment's battalions gradually concentrated in the Italian port of Taranto in preparation for their demobilisation. Discontent developed in Taranto as morale decline Throughout the war, soldiers from the regiment had encountered racism from white soldiers and officers. Classified as a "native" regiment, the BWIR was not originally among the units whose men receieved a 50 percent pay increase under Army Order I at the end of the war. Concerned by the disaffection expressed by soldiers in the BWIR, the West Indian Contingent Committee delivered a letter to the Colonial Office containing the signatures of seven ex-governors of the British West Indies. Warning of the potential implicications differentiation could have after the regiment's demobilisation, the committee's letter highlighted perceieved hypocrisy and inconsistency in the decision. Events at Taranto provided further impetus and the order's privileges were extended to the BWIR in Februaty 1919.

Contingent Committee, to whose work refer-ence is made below, wrote a letter to the Government, signed by no fewer than seven ex-West Indian Governors

that differentiation upon racial grounds was not only unjust and inexpedient

An environment of segregation imposed in Taranto by South African Brigadier-General Corey Bernard forbade West Indians from utilising recreational facilities and had ill men sent to a "native" hsopital. Conditions at the hospital and overall treatment prompted Major J.B. Thursfield to protest that the West Indies Regiment had been guarenteed equal treatment. His protest was dismissed by the brigadier, who ackowledged his awareness of the promise, but stated he was A commanding officer, Colonel Wood-Hill, later estimated that 300 West Indians had died in Taranto, of whom seven, it was claimed, were a result of "sheer neglect" at the hsopital.

A petition signed by 180 sergeants protesting grievances over pay, treatment, and lack of promotion, was sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies on 6 December. Existing discontent within the 9th Battalion culminated in its men disobeying orders to work after their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Willis, ordered them to clean the latrines of the Italian Labour Corps. During the four-day mutiny, Lieutenant-Colonel Willis and others were beaten, a private was shot by a sergeant, and a bombing occurred. The entire regiment was eventually disarmed and the 1/7th Worcestershire Regiment and a machine-gun company sent at the behest of the Taranto commandant.REF In the subsequent court-martials, approximately 60 men were tried for their involvement. While most of those convicted receieved three to five-year prison terms, one man's death sentence was commuted to 20-years imprisonment.

The 10th Battalion also disobeyed orders. .dismissed Major Thursfield's protestations of their treatment, ofcomplaints to the brigadier received the response that "...they were better fed and treated than any nigger had a right to expect." Gender Ironies of Nationalism: Sexing the Nation, p268

Severe labour shortages  While in Taranto, the regiment was employed as labour

Following the mutiny's suppression, 50 sergeants formed a secret organistion within the regiment entitled the Caribbean League. Many returning soldiers became politicised by their treatment during the war, some becoming prominent figures in the trade unions in the 1920s and 1930s. Disturbances in British Honduras and Trinidad were directly related to former soldiers of the BWIR. Memorials were erected throughout the Caribbean, the Cenotaph in Jamaica most prominent amongst them. A memorial to commemorate those from the British Empire who served during the two world wars was unveiled in London on 6 November 2002. The "Memorial Gates" <!--

Did you know...

http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0415079098&id=qycB9w-38Y0C&pg=RA1-PA63&lpg=RA1-PA63&dq=180+sergeants+petition+secretary&sig=NkHlcACKPsjMkU_2u_nk9ezWlTQ http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN1859841406&id=iSAjTDHiC4MC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA63&dq=Bernard+Taranto+1918&sig=Jj7vi7PsDlFj0wXXjK7OBo1nhIk http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN976637063X&id=ALrmdJxim2UC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&vq=Taranto&dq=%22Carey+Bernard&sig=dtBo66BBpZnhAwUXzyhmAl7zCTk http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN9768125748&id=E91LnNhI3s4C&pg=PA120&lpg=PA119&dq=%22West+Indians%22+Taranto&sig=IiiqF7tHdVa59BVO1toMge5jNok http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0415162548&id=nHVpochv_w0C&pg=RA1-PA268&lpg=RA1-PA268&dq=Bernard+%22west+indians&sig=ilkLf6GjMg4eQBgqXVitSj5qgOY http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0415204399&id=4hH5PkO2jNQC&pg=PA312&lpg=PA312&dq=%22west+indies+regiment%22+pay&sig=6iwd4OKn8Bzk1SaLbrnvjvdGfSc
 * ...that of the 15,601 men from the Caribbean who served with the British West Indies Regiment during the First World War, the two largest contingents were Jamaican (10,280) and Trinidadian (1,480)?
 * ...that while two battalions of the British West Indies Regiment fought in Palestine during the First World War, predjudice restricted the regiment's battalions on the Western Front to labouring duties?

Four soldiers from the British West Indies Regiment were executed by firing squad for offences committed during the war: Private Albert Denny and Private James Mitchell were charged with murder and executed by firing squad. Two others, b wo, Three

Notable soldiers

 * Tubal Uriah Butler, trade unionist and politician.
 * Private Hubert A. Clarke, of the 2nd BWIR, was executed on 8 November 1917, for "striking a superior officer"
 * Arthur Andrew Cipriani, trade unionist and politician.
 * Private Albert Denny, of the 8th BWIR, was executed on 20 January 1919, for "murder".
 * Samuel Alfred Haynes, author of the poem "Land of the Gods", used as the basis for the national anthem of Belize.
 * Vere Johns, radio personality.
 * Sam Manning, musician.
 * Private James Mitchell, of the 1st BWIR, was executed on 22 December 1917, for "murder".
 * Private Herbert Morris, 17, of the 6th BWIR, was executed on 20 September 1917, for "desertion".

Battle honours

 * The Great War: Messines 1917, Ypres 1917, Polygon Wood, Broodseinde, Poelcappelle, Passchendaele, Pursuit to Mons, France and Flanders 1916-18, Italy 1918, Rumani, Egypt 1916-17, Gaza, El Mughar, Nebi Samwil, Jerusalem, Jaffa, Megiddo, Nablus, Palestine 1917-18

Early history
The earliest Jewish community in Liverpool possibly consisted predominantly of Sephardi Jews from London and was organised in about 1750. The early settlement was eventually superseded by a small Ashkenazi community of German and Polish descent, who converted a building they acquired on Upper Frederick Street into a synagogue. With greater capacity, the building possessed a garden that was employed as a cemetery and beneath the house, in a basement, existed a mikvah ("ritual bath") that continued to be used after the synagogue fell into disuse.

Reflecting the community's progress, the architect Thomas Harrison was commissioned to construtct a purpose-built synagogue to accomodate the growing congregration in the early 1800s. Built on Seel Street. For almost 60-years, the building functioned as the principal synagogue of Liverpool until the emerging "New Hebrew Congregation" established a synagogue at Hope Place in 1857.

Following the synagogue's consecration, Rabbi Tobias Goodman reputedly conducted the first sermon to be delivered in English, in Britain.

Divisions among Liverpudlians Jews in the mid-19th Century culminated in the fragmentation of the Seel Street Congregation. The secessionists organised a place of worship at ?, eentually become the New Hebrew Congregation. of the Old Hebrew Congregation and the subsequent establishment of a new congregration on Hardman Street, led by David Isaacs. Both congregations rejected a proposal to ex-communicate (herem) those who worshipped at the reformist West London Synagogue Forms of Prayer. Eventually, a reform

Synagogues and congregations proliferated among the Yiddish-speaking community. From two in ?

Here, in 1806, Rabbi Tobias Goodman conducted the first sermon in English.

"Seel Street building" who maintained a minyan established in a house in Turton Court To reflect their relative collective prosperity, the congregation commissioned the architect Thomas Harrison] to construct a purpose-built synagogue on Seel Street. ever preached by Jews in the English language were delivered soon after the consecration by Mr. Tobias Goodman

Beneath the house, in a basement, existed a mikvah ("ritual bath") that contintued to be used after the synagogue fell into disuse. Connected to an established community in Dublin

Leon Villereal, a Sephardi Jew from Guyana, is considered by some to be the First recorded in 1740,

ttp://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=OCLC046 12147&id=4LYfY7MTxAYC&pg=PA525&lpg=PA525&dq=%22Cumberland+Street%22+Jews

http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=OCLC38651190&id=L2ALAAAAIAAJ&q=%2 2FREDERICK+STREET%22+Synagogu&dq=%22FREDERICK+STREET%22+Synagogu

Political emancipation
While the Jewish community in the early 19th Century largely assimilated into English society, opposition to emancipation nominally deprived British Jews of various civil and political rights. These "disabilities", among others, prevented those British Jews within the restrictive franchise the right to hold office, be elected to Parliament, or vote in parliamentary elections Efforts to secure their emancipation were initiated in the House of Commons by the member of Parliament for Inverness, Robert Grant, who introduced a bill into parliamenet in 1830. Petitions endorsing the bill were presented by MPs from London and Liverpool. About 2,000 of Liverpool's inhabitants signed a petition entrusted to their MP and supporter of emancipation, William Huskisson. Among the signatories were the mayor, members of the corporation, seven clergymen, merchants, and bankers Though the bill was defeated, the Jewish disbailities were gradually eroded and completely removed by the 1890s. Universal suffrage was aattained in the 20th Century with the rest of British society.

Locally and nationally, Jewish Liverpudlians engaged in political and social activities. In Liverpool, prior to emancipation, Morris Mozley was elected to the Watch Committee and Elias Joseph to the parish council. Eighteen-years after Jews were allowed to hold municipal office, Charles Mozley became the first Jewish mayor of Liverpool in 1863. A prominent politician and diplomat emerged from one of 19th Century Liverpool's most infuential Jewish families. Herbert Samuel, who grew up in London and ultimately became the leader of the Liberal Party, was elevated to the status of Viscount Samuel of Toxteth and Mount Carmel, in 1938. The city's franchised inhabitants elected a number of Jewish politicians to represent Liverpool constituencies in parliament; Henry de Worms was served as MP for Liverpool East Toxteth from 1885 to 1895

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Eastern European immigration
Considerable growth occurred in the 19th and early 20th Centuries, increasing Liverpool's Jewish population from about 1,500 in 1851 to an estimated 7,000 by 1911 Fleeing poverty and persecution in Central Europe and the Tzarist Russian Empire, hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees settled in Liverpool or passed through the city on their journey to North America and elsewhere. Usually arriving on the eastern coast of England, transmigrants and those who decided to settle further west travelled to Liverpool via rail. A large Jewish community consequently developed in the Brownlow Hill area, situated near Lime Street Station and occassionally referred to as a "ghetto" or "Jewish quarter". Most of the refugees were unskilled or semi-skilled, spoke only Yiddish, and became pedlars and tailors.

http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN157230314X&id=q2Jt4r4pnf4C&pg=PA271&lpg=PA271&ots=nGcZHCCG4U&dq=Liverpool+Jewish+poverty&sig=nESuSJgYlyEibWgtvSWlnGFOLUc#PPA271,M1 http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=0RdvXRmQnieylEsMJ5&id=cAELAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish&dq=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0838630332&id=5UMNAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish&dq=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN0714634646&id=IJ5PNIZc7PMC&pg=RA3-PA130&lpg=RA3-PA130&ots=pparIUcI8r&dq=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jews&sig=4F1V_g1V8BxLhh5cOI4komQ1krA http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=OCLC04612734&id=LTIEAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish&dq=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+Jewish http://books.google.co.uk/books?vid=ISBN157230314X&id=q2Jt4r4pnf 4C&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&ots=nGcZDHAI4Y&dq=%22Brownlow+Hill%22+ghetto&sig=qHZ1zDWaCYmw6UlO040uMFsLXe4

Poverty among Liverpudlian Jews was high during the 1800s and was exacerbated by the influx of new immigrants. Numerous organisations existed to alleviate the conditions endured by many in the community. Oldest amongst the charities was the Liverpool Hebrew Philanthropic Society, founded in 1811 by the scholar Moses Samuel. Others specialised in caring for the elderly, women The disorganised nature of ccommunal efforts eventually prompted the community to emulate Manchester by establishing a centrailised organisation, the Board of Guardians for the Relief of the Jewish Poor in Liverpool, in 1876.

76.

Efforts to faccilate the integration of the Eastern European immigrants was delegated OOther organisations

[[Image: |Shmuel Yaacov Rabinowitz, of [[Cohel]], was a rabbi in Liverpool and founding member of the the Mizrachi movement, an organistion promoting a religious Zionist idealogy.

Some members of the new generation of British Jews dervied inspiration from the ideology of Zionism and its development in Liverpool was influenced by their arrival. Two of Liverpool's earliest Zionist organisations, local branches of the Chovevei Zion ("Lovers of Zion") and the Dorshei Zion ("Seekers of Zion"), generated considerable support from the community when established in the early 1890s.

Functioning as a philantrhopic scoiety providing financial support to those who emigrated to the Ottoman territory of Palestine, the Chovevei Zion was disbanded after the first Zionist Congress was held in 1897. of its member supporting Eastern fUNCTIOThe former functioned as p A third organisation, the Shivat Zion ("Return to Zion"), was estblished in 1903 Amlgamation occurred in 1935 A A further organisation, the Shivath Zion

generating limited support, one of the earliest organised movements in the city was established in 1891 as a branch of the. The organisation supported Eastern Europeans in emigrating to the Ottoman province of Palestine. A contemporary organisation explicitly advocating a Jewish homeland was established in 1890. The Liverpool branch of the that http://archive.liverpool.gov.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=12&dsqSearch=((text)='Zionists') REF Further organistions established in the late 1890s and early 1900s were eventually overseen by the Liverpool Zionist Central Council.REF A religious variation

The influx of Eastern European Jews, predominantly of Russian and Polish origin, compelled the established community to organise movements to faciliate integration and alleviate the poverty faced by many of the immigrants. Instrumental in these efforts was Samuel Montagu, a Jewish banker born in Liverpool. Liverpool Ladies Zionist (and Welfare) Association Liverpool Zionist Society

Concern developed among the pre-existing Jewish community that continued large-scale immigration would engender violent anti-semitism similar to that experienced by Jews on mainland Europe. Political measures to restrict Jewish immigration under the 1905 Aliens Act stablised the size of Liverpool's Jewish population. Thus, the majority of those who arrived in the city were transmigrants continuing their voyage to the Americas and elsewhere. Efforts to faciliate the integration of the immigrants were initiated by the élite of the community.

20th Century
Volatile periods in the 20th Century affected the Jewish community in Liverpool to varying degrees. In the First and Second World Wars, many Jewish Liverpudlians served in the British Armed Forces and civilian organisations. Indeed, Liuentenant-Colonel Stanley S.G. Cohen, the son of former Lord Mayor of Liverpool Louis S. Cohen, became the commanding officer of the 5th Battalion, The King's (Liverpool Regiment) during the First World War. Among organisations and other institutions in Liverpool, casualties were heavy; over 30 former pupils of the Hebrew Schools died during the war (of 262 who served), while losses reached 80 percent among the officers and warrant officers of the Liverpool Jewish Lads' Brigade who served in the armed fcrces.

Hundreds of British Jews were recruited into Liverpool's local regiment, the King's Regiment (LiverpoolKing's (Liverpool Regiment). Developments in Liverpool paralleled overall progress within British society during the First World War Society's arralleling the rest of society, Jewish women contributed to the manufactuing of munitions in the Women were employed in munition factories. Others contributed as tailors, manufacturing military uniform  . Women contributed . Tailors manufactured the army's clothing. http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1401

Open, violent hostility emerged during the First World War. Rioting occurred in Liverpool and London after the RMS Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine in 1915. Though ostensibly anti-German, the rioters rarely distuinguished between Germans and others perceieved to be foreign. Established German settlers and Jews

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Support for the anti-semitic British Union of Facists in Liverpool was minimal, acquiring about 100 members before its disintegration in. Incidents recorded. Once more a focal point for Jewish emmigration to the western hemisphere, Liverpool provided shelter to thousands of Jewish refugeer who had escaped persecution in Nazi-occupied Europe.

Tensions arose in the late 1940s during an insurgency conducted by Jewish groups in the British Mandate of Palestine to establish a State of Israel. After two British soldiers were hanged in August 1947 by Irgun in retaliation for the hanging of three of its members by British authorities in Palestine, incidents of violence rioting against Jewish institutions and properties occurred in British cities. Over a four-day period in Liverpool, shops were looted, synagogues vandalised, and cemetaries desecrated. Perpetrated mostly by adolescents, the violence was universally condemned by the British media. Days before the rioting, J.B.B. Cohen, a former MP for Liverpool Fairfield, was among Jewish ex-servicemen who had laid a wreath at the Cenotaph in London to commemorate the deaths of the two sergeants.

Ecoomic improvement during the first-half of the 20th Century afforded Liverpool's Jewish community with greater opportunity to reflect their relative prosperity. Many residents decided to relocate, concentrating in the the more affuent areas of Childwall, Smithdown Road, and Woolton, where

Following Egypt's repression of its Jewish population, l http://archive.liverpool.gov.uk/dserve.exe?&dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=120&dsqSearch=((text)='Community') Granby Toxteth Lieutenant-Colonels Stanley S.G. Cohen and J. Stanley-Cohen respectively.

Tensions arose in the late 1940s during the guerilla campaign to establish a State of Israel in the British Mandate of Palestine.

21st Century
As of 2006, there are five synagogues active in Liverpool, of which four are Orthodox and one Liberal (or Reform). The oldest, the Princes Road Synagogue, was completed in 18? and is situated in the Toxteth area.

Community welfare and activities are provided by the Liverpool Board of Guardians and Harold House. The sole Jewish educational institution in Liverpool, King David School, provides primary and secondary education for both Jewish and non-Jewish students.

Welfafe for the Jewish community is

In June 2006, the Holocaust Memorial Trust annouced that it had selected Liverpool to be the host city for Holocaust Memorial Day in 2008. Obeerved on 27 January, the day of remembrance will coincide with Liverpool's 2008 status as the European Capital of Culture.

Communal activities
Efforts to cultivate a cohesive communal identity among Liverpool's Jewish populace was popularised in the late 19th Century by the community's Yiddish-speaking component. Various organisations emerged, often specialising in a particular activity. Accomodating educational, politicial, religious, and social activities, the organisations proliferated in the inter-war period of the 1920s and 1930s.

Explicitly Jewish sports clubs began forming in the early 1900s, encompassing the sports of athletics, football, golf, and tennis. Local Jewish football leagues included teams

Liverpool Jewish Car Club Liverpool Hebrew Cycling Club Lee Park Golf Club, Northern Jewish Soccer League , Merseyside Jewish Cricket Club University of Liverpool Jewish Student's Society Liverpool Jewish Girls' Club Liverpool Jewish Youth Centre Liverpool Jewish Youth and Community Centre, Harold House Liverpool Junior Zionist Association and Young Hasmoneans King David High School King David Foundation King David Primary School Liverpool Jewish Scouts (11th Toxteth Division) Liverpool Lubavitch Foundation Liverpool Ladies' Zionist & Welfare Association Liverpool Zionist Society Liverpool Hebrew Master Butchers Association Liverpool Talmudical College (Yeshiva Torat Chaim) Merseyside German Jewish Aid Committee

Liverpool Jewish Housing Association Liverpool Jewish Medical Society Jewish Lads' Brigade

A local branch of the Poale Zion (Jewish Labour Party) organised social events for members affiliated to the Labour Party.

Politics
Since, Liverpool's Jewish community has maintained a presence in local and national politics. For 13-years, Jack Benn Brunel Cohen, who lost both of his legs during the First World War. was member of parliament for the LiverpooL Fairfield constituency.

Charles Mozley, the first Jewish mayor of Liverpool (1863) Brown (2001), Liverpool: The First 1000 Years, p53

Six Lord Mayors have been produced by Liverpool's Jewish commnity.

Active

 * Allerton Hebrew Congregation (1960)
 * Childwall Synagogue (1935)
 * Greenbank Drive Synagogue (1936)
 * Liverpool Old Hebrew Congregation (1874)
 * Liverpool Reform Synagogue (1928)

* Ayin Jacob Synagogue, Crown Street (Closed) * Hope Place Hebrew Congregation (now incorporated into Greenbank Drive Synagogue) * Huyton-cum-Roby Hebrew Congregation (Closed) * Kehal Chassidim Synagogue (Closed) * New Beth Hamedrash (Closed) * Nusach Ari Synagogue & Beth Hamedresh, Crown Street (Closed) *    * Ullet Road Synagogue (Closed) * West Derby Street Synagogue (Closed) * Zeirie Israel Synagogue (Closed)

Historical

 * Central Synagogue, Islington (1908-1940)
 * Devon Street Congregation
 * Fairfield Synagogue, Laurel Road (1925-1980),
 * Fountains Road Synagogue, Kirkdale (1888-1960)
 * Great Synagogue, Grove Street (1901-)
 * Nusach Ari Synagogue, various addresses (1888-1990s
 * Nusach Sfard Congregation, Great Russell Street
 * Pride of Israel Congregation, various addresses (1913-1998)
 * Sefton Park Hebrew Congregation
 * Shaw Street Congregation (1907-1939)

Notable residents
John Mack, Member of Parliament for Newcastle-upon-Tyne SUPPLEMENTS REVIEW OF THE YEAR (1942-43), p27
 * Abraham Abraham, author and communal worker
 * Henry Behrand, physician and communal worker
 * Baron Benas, communal worker entry],
 * Ian Broudie, singer
 * Angela Buxton, tennis player
 * Louis Caplan, Lord Mayor of Liverpool (1964-55)
 * Cyril Carr, Lord Mayor of Liverpool http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1983_8_WestEurope.pdf
 * Louis Cohen, Lord Mayor of Liverpool and politician (1899-1900)
 * Edwina Currie, politician
 * Liverpool East Toxteth (1885-1895)
 * Brian Epstein, manager of The Beatles
 * David Lewis, philanthropist and founder of Lewis's department store
 * Selim Franklin,
 * Linda Grant, novelist and journalist
 * Peter Goldsmith, attorney general and
 * Ron Gould, Lord Mayor of Liverpool (2003-04)
 * Evan Harris, politician
 * Rose Heilbron, lawyer and judge
 * Jason Isaacs, actor
 * Julius Jacobs, Justice of the Peace and communal worker
 * Nathaniel Levi, politician and merchant,
 * Ian Levin, Lord Mayor of Liverpool (1970-71)
 * Harry Livermore, Lord Mayor of Liverpool 1958-59
 * Samuel Montagu, banker and politician
 * Charles Mozley, Mayor of Liverpool
 * Jacob Prag, professor of Hebrew and rabbi
 * Joseph Prag, communal worker and Zionist activist
 * Richard Quest, journalist
 * Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel diplomat and politician
 * Moses Samuel, Hebrew scholar
 * Bernard Samuelson, merchant and politician
 * Alexei Sayle, actor and comedian
 * Anthony Shaffer, playwright
 * Peter Shaffer, dramatist
 * Sydney Silverman, lawyer and politician
 * Fritz Spiegl, musician
 * Anthony Steen, Member of Parliament for Liverpool Wavertree (1974-1983)
 * Clive Swift, actor
 * David Swift, actor
 * James Joseph Sylvester, mathematician
 * Isser Yehuda Unterman, head rabbi of Liverpool for 22-years and later Askenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel
 * Frankie Vaughan, singer
 * Benjamin Yates, rabbi
 * Henny Youngman, comedian and violinist