User:Swimmer504/Hungarian diaspora

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The Hungarian diaspora (magyar diaszpóra) comprises the total ethnic Hungarian population located outside current-day Hungary. There are two main groups of the diaspora. The first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland and live outside Hungary since the border changes of the post-World War I Treaty of Trianon of 1920. The victorious forces redrew the borders of Hungary so that it runs through Hungarian-majority areas. As a consequence, 3.3 million Hungarians found themselves outside the new borders. Although those Hungarians are usually not included in the term "Hungarian diaspora", they are listed as such in this article. The other main group is the emigrants who left Hungary at various times (such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956). There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany, but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries of Central Europe such as Poland and Slovakia. Additionally, there is the Magyarab people, a small ethnic group located in Egypt and Sudan.

Distribution by country
Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in the European Union. Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.

Hungarian citizenship
A proposal supported by the DAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living in Romania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary. The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.

'''In 2010, Hungary passed several amendments regarding naturalization for ethnic Hungarians residing in what used to be Hungary. These amendments include the removal of “residency-in-Hungary” for eligible applicants that want Hungarian citizenship...which''' quickened naturalization and made it far more accessible for ethnic Hungarians who lived past the country’s borders to receive citizenship. These amendments are primarily found in Act LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship, which was amended to create the Hungarian Citizenship Law; it details the procedures and requirements for seeking Hungarian citizenship from outside current Hungarian borders. The amendments in LV 1993 affirmed the identities and experiences of those affected by the Hungarian diaspora who wanted to identify with their heritage but also not uproot their current residencies or change their lifestyle. This was particularly significant for individuals like István Fehér and Erzsébet Dolník, members of the Hungarian minority living in Slovakia, who maintained both their Slovakian and Hungarian nationality despite residing outside of Hungary and receiving notice that they would be deprived over their Slovakian citizenship. Their case, Fehér and Dolník v. Slovakia, highlighted many issues pertaining to minority rights and citizenship access within the context of European human rights law.

In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship. Romania's President Traian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."

The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis. In February 2011, the Fidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens. Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process; there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012. As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’. In June 2013, Deputy Prime Minister Zsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.

'Pertaining to voting rights, Vámos and Others v Hungary raises relevant concerns about the voting process in Hungarian elections. In this case, Vámos and Others argue that their current address prohibits them from voting via post, while those who benefited from the Hungarian citizenship amendments were able to do so. The complainants emerge from accused violations of Article 14 of the Convention of the ECHR, claiming discrimination.  However, still to this day, Hungarians residing within Hungary are barred from voting by mail.' Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.

Politics
Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012, they have overwhelmingly supported the ruling Fidesz. In the 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Fidesz won over 95% of the vote, in the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 96%, while in the 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 96%.

Minority interest parties
In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.