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Isodiaphers are elements that have the same difference between the number of neutrons (N) and protons (Z) in their nucleus. Carbon-13, which has 6 protons and 7 neutrons, and Oxygen-17 , which has 8 protons and 9 neutrons, are isodiaphers because they both have 1 more neutron than they do protons.

Used primarily in nuclear physics and radioactivity, isodiaphers refers to nuclides which have different atomic numbers and mass numbers but the same neutron excess, which is the difference between numbers of neutrons and protons in the nucleus. For example, for both and  the difference between the neutron number (N) and proton number (Z) is N − Z = 54.

One large family of isodiaphers has zero neutron excess, N=Z. It contains many primordial isotopes of elements up to calcium. It includes ubiquitous, , and.

The daughter nuclide of an alpha decay is an isodiapher of the original nucleus. Similarly, beta decays (and other weak-force-involving decays) produce isobars.