User:Tintero21/Crisis emperors

Chronology of rulers
Several emperors who rose to power through acclamation of their troops attempted to create stability by appointing their descendants as Caesar, resulting in several brief dynasties. These generally failed to maintain any form of coherence beyond one generation, although there were exceptions.

Roman Empire (235–285)
{{legend|#EBEBEB|(#) – Usurpers / claimants}} {{legend|#F0FFFF|(§) – Junior co-emperors}} {{legend|#FFe4e1|(§) – Heir-apparents}} {| class="wikitable " style="width:97%; text-align:center" ! style="width:8%;" |Portrait ! style="width:20%;" |Name ! style="width:25%;" |Approximate reign ! style="width:44%;" |Notes
 * colspan="4" style="text-align:center" |
 * colspan="4" style="text-align:center" |

Maximinus dynasty (235–238)
(3 years and 3 months)
 * CapitoliniMassiminoTrace2.jpg
 * Maximinus I "Thrax"
 * Maximinus I "Thrax"
 * March 235 – June 238
 * Born c. 173 in Thracia, hence his nickname. Proclaimed emperor by his troops during a mutiny against Severus Alexander, who was later killed at Mogontiacum, Germania Superior. A man of humble origins, he was hated by the Roman Senate since he never visited Rome. Killed during the Siege of Aquileia against followers of Pupienus and Balbinus.
 * - style="background:#e8e6e6;"
 * Gaius Petronius Magnus
 * 235
 * A patritian ex-consul; said to have been proclaimed emperor after Alexander's murder. Herodian suggests that the accusations against him were actually fabricated by Maximinus.
 * - style="background:#e8e6e6;"
 * Titus Quartinus
 * 235
 * Another ex-consul; proclaimed emperor by troops loyal to Alexander. He reigned six months according to the Historia Augusta, but this must be an exageration. Herodian's narrative suggest he was killed rather quickly.
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Maximus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN823 (cropped).jpg
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Maximus
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Maximus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN823 (cropped).jpg
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Maximus
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Maximus
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|January/May 236 – June 238 (caesar under Maximinus I)
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;"|Son of Maximinus, born c. 215; incorrectly called "Maximinus" by some sources. Named caesar (heir apparent) by his father, and later killed alongside him.
 * colspan="4" style="text-align:center" |
 * colspan="4" style="text-align:center" |

Gordian dynasty (238–244)
(22 days) (22 days) (99 days) (99 days)
 * CapitoliniGordianoI.jpg
 * Gordian I
 * Gordian I
 * c. March 238 – April 238
 * Born c. 158 in Phrygia. Proclaimed emperor in Africa during a revolt against Maximinus, later recognized by the Roman Senate. Retrospectively legitimized by the accession of Gordian III. Committed suicide upon hearing of the death of Gordian II.
 * Denarius of Gordian II.png
 * Gordian II
 * Gordian II
 * c. March 238 – April 238
 * Son of Gordian I, born c. 192. Proclaimed alongside father in opposition to Maximinus by the Senate. Killed during the Battle of Carthage, fighting a pro-Maximinus army. The shortest reigning emperor on record.
 * [[Image:Bust of Pupienus - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (2) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
 * Pupienus
 * Pupienus
 * c. April 238 – July 238
 * Born c. 168. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.
 * [[Image:Ritratto di balbino, 238 (cropped enhanced).jpg|100px]]
 * Balbinus
 * Balbinus
 * c. April 238 – July 238
 * Born c. 178. Proclaimed joint emperor with Balbinus with after death of Gordian I and II, in opposition to Maximinus. Made regents of the caesar Gordian III. Assassinated by Praetorian Guard.
 * [[Image:Bust Gordianus III Louvre Ma1063 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
 * Gordian III
 * Gordian III
 * c. August 238 – February 244 (5 years and 6 months)
 * Grandson of Gordian I, born in Rome on 20 January 222. Proclaimed emperor by supporters of Gordian I and II, then by the Senate; made caesar by Pupienus and Balbinus in May 238. Grandson of Gordian I. Possibly murdered on orders of Philip I
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Marcus Asinius Sabinianus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" | 240
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |

Philippus dynasty (235–238)
(co-augustus under Philip I) ! colspan="4" | ''
 * style="text-align:center;" |Philip the Arab crop (cropped).png
 * Philip I "the Arab"
 * Philip I "the Arab"
 * c. February 244 – September 249 (5 years and 7 months)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM (cropped).jpg
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Philip II "the Younger"
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|MSR-ra-73-h-1-DM (cropped).jpg
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Philip II "the Younger"
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|c. July 247 – September 249
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|
 * - style="background:#DCDCDC;"
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Antoninianus-Jotapian-RIC 0002a,var (obverse).jpg
 * Jotapian
 * c. 249
 * "clearly suggests that this ephemeral emperor rejoiced in a "
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Antoninianus-Pacatianus-1001-RIC 0006cf (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Pacatian
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Pacatian
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 249
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Silbannacus-1 obvers.jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Silbannacus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 249 (?)
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Sponsianus Aureus (transparent) (obverse).png
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Sponsianus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Unknown
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Licinian
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Licinian
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Licinian
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 250
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |

Decian dynasty (235–238)

 * Bust of Decius - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016 (3) (cropped).jpg
 * Decius
 * Decius
 * c. September 249 – June 251 (1 year and 9 months)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Sestertius Herennius Etruscus-s2749 (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Herennius Etruscus
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Sestertius Herennius Etruscus-s2749 (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Herennius Etruscus
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |May/June – June 251 (less than a month)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |
 * scope="row" style="background:#F0FFFF;" |INC-2038-a Ауреус. Гостилиан. Ок. 251 г. (аверс).png
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Hostilian
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Hostilian
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |c. June – c. July 251 (1 month)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |

Gallan dynasty (251–253)

 * style="text-align:center;" |Bronze statue of the emperor Trebonianus Gallus MET DP138716 (cropped).jpg
 * Trebonianus Gallus
 * Trebonianus Gallus
 * June 251 – August 253 (3 years and 2 months)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Volusian crop.png
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Volusianus
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Volusian crop.png
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|Volusianus
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|August 251 – August 253 (co-augustus under Philip I)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;"|
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Titus Julius Priscus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 251
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |

Non-dynastic (253)

 * Aemilian.jpg
 * Aemilianus
 * Aemilianus
 * c. July – c. September 253 (c. 2 months)
 * Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png
 * Silbannacus
 * Silbannacus_coin_(transparent_background).png
 * Silbannacus
 * c. September/October 253 (?) (very briefly)
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |
 * colspan="4" |

Valerian dynasty (235–268)
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFe4e1;" | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF;" | ! colspan="4" |    ''  !
 * style="text-align:center;" |Valerianus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3387 (cropped).jpg
 * Valerian
 * Valerian
 * c. September 253 – c. June 260 (c. 6 years and 9 months)
 * style="text-align:center;" |Gallienus 310120081896 (cropped).jpg
 * Gallienus
 * style="text-align:center;" |Gallienus 310120081896 (cropped).jpg
 * Gallienus
 * style="text-align:center;" |c. September 253 – c. September 268 (15 years)
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;" |Valerian II
 * scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFe4e1;" |256–258 (caesar under Valerian and Gallienus)
 * style="background:#FFe4e1;" |
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |Saloninus
 * scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#F0FFFF;" |Autumn 260 (c. 1 month)
 * style="background:#F0FFFF;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Ingenuus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 260
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Macrianus Major
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Macrianus Major
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Aureus Macrianus RIC 0003 (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Macrianus Minor
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Macrianus Minor
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Antoninianus-Quietus-RIC 0009 (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Quietus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Quietus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Antoninianus of Regalianus - cropped.jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Regalianus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |''Regalianus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Valens Thessalonicus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 261
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Aureolus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |c. 268
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |

Claudian dynasty (268–275)

 * Claudius Gothicus, Worcester Art Museum (cropped).jpg
 * Claudius II "Gothicus"
 * Claudius II "Gothicus"
 * c. September 268 – c. April 270 (c. 1 year and 7 months)
 * Aureus Quintillus (obverse).jpg
 * Quintillus
 * Aureus Quintillus (obverse).jpg
 * Quintillus
 * c. April – May/June 270 (17–77 days)
 * [[File:5305 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Ritratto di Claudio II il Gotico - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011 (cropped).jpg|133x133px]]
 * Aurelian "Restitutor"
 * [[File:5305 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Ritratto di Claudio II il Gotico - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011 (cropped).jpg|133x133px]]
 * Aurelian "Restitutor"
 * c. May 270 – c. October 275 (c. 5 years and 5 months)
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Septimius
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |271
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |

Tacitus dynasty (275–276)

 * P1150181 Louvre empereur Tacite Ma1018 rwk (cropped enhanced).jpg
 * Tacitus
 * Tacitus
 * c. December 275 – c. June 276 (c. 7 months)
 * Aureus of Florianus (obverse).jpg
 * Florianus
 * Aureus of Florianus (obverse).jpg
 * Florianus
 * c. June – September 276 (80–88 days)
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |

Non dynastic (276–282)
! colspan="4" |
 * Probus Musei Capitolini MC493 (cropped enhanced).jpg
 * Probus
 * Probus
 * c. June 276 – c. September 282 (c. 6 years and 3 months)
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Bonosus.jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Bonosus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |280
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Proculus Antoninian (obverse).jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Procolus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |280
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * style="text-align:center; background:#EBEBEB;" |Saturninus Coin Obverse.jpg
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |Julius Saturninus
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |280
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |280
 * style="background:#EBEBEB;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |
 * colspan="4" style="width:10%;" |

Caran dynastic (276–282)

 * style="text-align:center;" |Carusinc2955obverse.png
 * Carus
 * Carus
 * c. September 282 – c. July 283 (c. 10 months)
 * style="text-align:center;" |Aureus of Numerian (obverse).jpg
 * Numerian
 * style="text-align:center;" |Aureus of Numerian (obverse).jpg
 * Numerian
 * c. July 283 – November 284 (1 year and 3/4 months)
 * style="text-align:center;" |Montemartini - Carino cropped (cropped).JPG
 * Carinus
 * style="text-align:center;" |Montemartini - Carino cropped (cropped).JPG
 * Carinus
 * Spring 283 – July 285 (2 years)
 * }
 * }