User:Uanfala/sandbox/glt/all interlinear

Austronesian alignment Dec 12 /reverted

(1) 	Agent Trigger
 * K‹um›aen Semay Cau.

‹AT›eat rice man

"The man is eating some rice."

(2) Patient Trigger
 * Kaen-en nu Cau Semay.

eat-PT ERG man rice

"A/the man is eating the rice." (or "The rice is being eaten by a/the man.")

(3) Locative Trigger
 * Kaen-an nu Cau Semay Rumaq.

eat-LT ERG man rice house

"The man is eating rice in the house." (or "The house is being eaten rice in by the man.")

(4) Instrument Trigger
 * Si-kaen nu Cau Semay lima-ni-á.

IT-eat ERG man rice hand-GEN-3SG

"The man is eating rice with his hand." (or "His$i$ hand is being eaten rice with by the man$i$.")

- Lithuanian grammar Dec 13


 * Šiandien kine aš mačiau gražią mergaitę.

Today {at the movies} I saw beautiful girl

Samoan language Dec 14 ‘Ua lē fiafia le tama

PERF not happy ART boy

'The boy is unhappy.'

E lei tea Tutuila ae amata le pele

GENR {not yet} part Tutuila but begin ART card-playing

'The playing of cards started already before we left Tutuila.'

E lē lelei

GENR not good

'It is not good.'

ʻOu te lē alu i Apia

1sg GENR not go LD Apia

'I don't go to Apia.'

E leai ni taavale, aua e lei oo atu i ai ala taavale

GENR {not exist} ART(NSP.PL) car because GENR {not yet} reach DIR LD ANAPH road(SP.PL) car

'There were not any cars, because the roads did not reach there.'

E leai gāoi Sina

GENR {not exist} move Sina

'Sina didn't move at all.'

‘Aua e te fa‘asāunoa 'i mea=ola

'Do not torture animals.'

See the example below with sōia as the negative imperative: Mandy-Jane! sōia e te faitala!

Mandy-Jane stop 2sg GENR gossip

'Mandy-Jane! Stop gossiping!'

Aua foi, {o le a} le o Niu Sila, le o le Kolisi o Samoa a o le ta=mea ma le auli...

Because also, FUT not PRES New Zealand not PRES ART college POSS Samoa but PRES ART beat=thing and ART ironing

'There will be no New Zealand, no Samoan college [for me to go to if I do not pass the exam], but [only] washing and ironing [at home]....'

--- Aleut language Dec 14


 * tayaĝu-x̂

man-ABS

'[the] man'


 * ada-x̂

father-ABS

'[the] father'


 * tayaĝu-m ada-a

man-REL father-POSSM

'the man's father'


 * tayaĝu-m had-an

man-REL direction-LOC

'toward the man'


 * Piitra-x̂ tayaĝu-x̂ kidu-ku-x̂.

Peter-SG.ABS man-SG.ABS help-PRES-3SG

'Peter is helping the man.'


 * Piitra-m kidu-ku-u.

Peter-SG.REL help-PRES-3SG.ANA

'Peter is helping him.'


 * kidu-ku-ngis

help-PRES-PL.ANA

'He/she helped them.' / 'They helped him/her/them.'


 * Ting adalu- usa- -naaĝ- -iiĝuta- -masu- -x̂ta- -ku- -x̂.

me lie- -toward- -try.to- -again- -perhaps- -PFV- -PRES- -3SG

'Perhaps he tried to fool me again.'

-- Assiniboine language Dec 16

škóškobena wãži hokšína že yúda.

banana a boy DET ate

'A banana ate the boy.' (or 'The boy ate a banana.')

- Itza’ language Dec 16


 * in-ten 	k-im-b'el 	im-b'en-es-eech

EMP-1SG.PRO 	INC-1SG.A-go 	1SG.A-go-CAUS-2SG

"I am going to take you."


 * in-ten 	k-im-b'el 	inw-a'l-e(j) 	tech

EMP-1SG.PRO 	INC-1SG.A-go 	1SG.A-say-DTS 	2SG.IO

"I am going to tell you."

--- Hmong language Dec 16 uses of |c1=

- Coptic language Dec 16







...etc.. --- Cree language Dec 16


 * Sam wâpam-ew Susan-a

Sam see-3SG Susan-3OBV

"Sam sees Susan."


 * John-cî kî-mîciso-w

John-INTERR PST-eat-3SG

"Did John eat?"

- Kensiu language Dec 17

ʔuʔ ŋɔk ʔep bə'lɰʔ jɛʔ

he sit LOC leg I

'He sits in my lap.'

jo̝h'ʔuʔ hɔs ʔep tobm ʔi'huʔ ʔɔdn

branch fall LOC tree {} there

'The branch falls at that tree.'

jɛʔ ma ɟɰp pe̝ ga'de̝ ʔep ɟa'la

I FUT go LOC store LOC yala

'I will go to the store in Yala.'

Lingarak language Dec 17


 * I-vlem, mang i-lav ei

3:REAL:SG-come man:ANA 3:REAL:SG-get 3SG

'She came and the man married her.' [NVKS10.112]

Sandawe language Dec 17

- Basque language Dec 17

-- Kinyarwanda Dec 17 - Ojibwe grammar Dec 17 - Passive voice Dec 19




 * neqe-rrluk yuku-cir-tu-q

fish-departed.from.natural.state be.moldy-get-IND.INTR-3sg

"That beautiful piece of dry fish got moldy."

Instrumental case Dec 19

-- Resultative Dec 19 - Nominalization Dec 19

--- Navajo grammar Dec 20


 * Ashkii atʼééd yiníłʼį́.

boy girl yi-look

'The boy is looking at the girl.'


 * Atʼééd ashkii biníłʼį́.

girl boy bi-look

'The girl is being looked at by the boy.'


 * Tsídii atʼééd yishtąsh.

bird girl yi-pecked

'The bird pecked the girl.'


 * Atʼééd tsídii bishtąsh.

girl bird bi-pecked

'The girl was pecked by the bird.'

---

Voice (grammar) Dec 24

Pirahã language Dec 24

-- Applicative voice Dec 24 (Nov 16)


 * sa-duu rá-viimú

3SG-blow INAN-into

"He blows into it." (valence = 1)


 * sa-duu-tá-ra

3SG-blow-APPL-INAN:OBJ

"He blows it." (valence = 2)


 * sį-įchití-rya javanu quiichi-tya

3SG-poke-INAN:OBJ meat knife-INSTR

"He poked the meat with the knife." (valence = 2)


 * sį-įchití-tya-ra quiichiy

3SG-poke-APPL-INAN:OBJ knife

"He poked something with the knife." (valence = 3)

Interlinear gloss Jan 6 (Nov 11-13) modfications have been made

Interlinear gloss 2017 Nov 11-13

ni-c-chihui-lia in no-piltzin ce calli

1SG.SUBJ-3SG.OBJ-mach-APPL DET 1SG.POSS-Sohn ein Haus

1. goá iáu-boē koat-tēng tang-sî boeh tńg-khì

2. goa1 iau1-boe3 koat2-teng3 tang7-si5 boeh2 tng1-khi3.

3. goa2 iau2-boe7 koat4-teng7 tang1-si5 boeh4 tng2-khi3.

4. I not-yet decide when want return.

5. "I have not yet decided when I shall return."

Gila abur-u-n ferma hamišaluǧ güǧüna amuqʼ-da-č

now they-OBL-GEN farm forever behind stay-FUT-NEG

'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'

Gila aburun ferma hamišaluǧ güǧüna amuqʼ-da-č

now their.OBL farm forever behind stay-will-not

'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'

Gila aburun ferma hamišaluǧ güǧüna amuqʼdač

now their farm forever behind won't.stay

'Now their farm will not stay behind forever.'

oda-dan hız-la çık-tı-m

room-ABL speed-COM go.out-PFV-1sg

room-from speed-with go_out-perfective-I

'I left the room quickly.'

'I love you.'

sulat su~sulat s⟨um⟩ulat s⟨um⟩u~sulat

write contemplative mood~write ⟨agent trigger.past⟩write ⟨agent trigger⟩contemplative~write

sulat su~sulat s⟨um⟩ulat s⟨um⟩u~sulat

write contemplative mood~write ⟨agent trigger.past⟩write ⟨agenttrigger⟩contemplative~write unser-n Väter-n

our-DAT.PL father\PL-DAT.PL

'to our fathers' (the singular of Väter 'fathers' is Vater)

- Serial verb construction Jan 6 (Nov 14)


 * Musa bé lá èbi.

Musa came took knife

"Musa came to take the knife."


 * nu-takasã nu-dúmaka

deceived(1SG) sleep(1SG)

"I pretended (that) I was asleep."


 * Kofí trɔ dzo kpoo

Kofi turn(PFV) leave(PFV) quietly

"Kofi turned and left quietly."


 * hena nihiwawaka nu-tšereka nu-yaka-u abi

NEG go(1SG) speak(1SG) mother(1SG) with

"I am not going to talk with my mother."

-- Switch-reference Jan 6 (Nov 15)

yá·saʼ duléʼšugi yá·saʼ gedumbéc̓edášaʼi

again he.is.reaching.toward.him again he.is.going.to.poke.him

"Again he is reaching toward him, again he will poke him" (same subject)

mémluyi -š lémehi

you.eat -DS I.will.drink

"If you eat, I will drink" (different subjects)

Kathryn gʲà kwút gɔ Esther-àl gʲà kwút

Kathryn 'she-it' write.PF and.DS Esther-too 'she-it' write.PF

Kathryn wrote a letter and Esther wrote one, too.

Consequential mood Jan 6 (Nov 19)

nutar-qapiar-aur-llini-a-ata soup-i-lu-ki kenir-lar-a-nka

new-very-continue-apparently-CNSQ-3PL soup-make-SUB-R/3PL cook-HAB-TR.IND-1SG/3PL

'Because they were very fresh, I would cook them, making soup.'

Dubitative mood (Eskimo) Jan 6 (Nov 19)

taatna-tun qasruniq-mi nutqaŋa+kmaŋaata qiñiq+iaq+naq+tut

thatway-SIM.S eddy-LOC.S stop+DUB.3P see-go.to.V-should.be.Ved-IND.3P

'You should go to see whether they [salmon] have stopped at the eddy like that.'

-- Noun Class Jan 6 (Nov 24)

Kitabu kikubwa kinaanguka.

CL7-book CL7-big CL7-PRS-fall

'The big book falls.'

Mtoto wangu alikinunua kitabu.

CL1-child CL1-my CL1-PST-CL7-buy CL7-book

'My child bought a book.'

-

Georgian grammar Jan 6 (Nov 27)

Me dedas ts'erils vts'er.

-NOM {my mother-DAT} letter-DAT write-PRES

--

Transitive verb Jan 6 (Nov 27)

-- Navajo language Jan 6 (Nov 15)

Mósí shee hólǫ́.

cat with-1SG exist-SG-spatial-3SG-IPFV

'I have a cat.'

Mósí shee dahólǫ́.

cat with-1SG exist-PL-spatial-3SG-IPFV

'I have cats.'

Atʼééd ashkii yiyiiłtsą́.

girl boy 3.OBJ-3.SUBJ-saw

'The girl saw the boy.'

Ashkii atʼééd yiyiiłtsą́.

boy girl 3.OBJ-3.SUBJ-saw

'The boy saw the girl.'

- Hadza language Jan 8 (Nov 25)

hanta-i-i hanta-i-ko-o

(hanta-ta-te hanta-i-kwa-te)

zebra-DO.3fs-IMP zebra-DO.3fs-IO.3fs-IMP

{"A zebra!"} {"I got a zebra!"}

qhasha-i-i kw-i-ko-o

(qhasha-ta-te kw-i-kwa-te)

carry-DO.3fs-IMP give-DO.3fs-IO.3fs-IMP

{"Carry it!} {"Give it to me!"}

Wagiman language Mar 1 (Nov 25)

ngagun-yi ngonggo ngany-bu-ng

1sg.NOM-ERG 2sg.ACC 1sgA.2sgO-hit-PFV

'I hit you.'

ngagun maman nga-yu

1sg.NOM good 1sg-be.PRS

'I am good.'

ngagun-yi nga-nanda-yi nung

1sg.NOM-ERG 1sgA.3sgO-see-PST 3sg.ACC

'I saw him/her.' nga-nawu-ndi wahan nung

1sgA.3sgO-give-PST water 3sg.ACC

'I gave the water to him/her.'

gorun nganing-gin-ba

house my-ALL

'To my house.'

ngani-bu-ng

2sgA.1sgO.PST-hit-PFV

'You hit me.'

wuji nga-nga-gondo-n garradin

NEG IRR-1sg-have-PRS money

'I don't have any money.'

garrad-nehen nga-yu

money-PRIV 1sg.PRS-be

'I am without money.' or 'I am penniless.'

gubiji-binyju bula-ndi

bone-only 3sg.leave-PST

'S/he left only the bones.'

lamarra-giwu-yi nganba-badi-na

dog-two-ERG 3plA.1sgO-bite-PST

'the two dogs bit me.'

liri-ma-gu

swim-ASP-DAT

'for swimming'

dabulp-pa ga-ya nu-naw-ma

smoke-ASP 3sg.PRS.go lots

'S/he smokes lots.'

dabuldabulp ga-ya

smoke.RDP 3sg.PRS.go

'S/he smokes all the time.'

Zapotec language Mar 1 (Nov 28)

Ù-dììny 	Juáàny 	bèʔcw.

completive-hit 	Juan 	dog

Laad 	ʂ-unaa 	Dolf 	d͡ʒe 	z-u 	nga.

FOC 	POSS-woman 	Rodolfo 	already 	PROG-stand 	there

"Rodolfo’s wife was already standing there."

Túú 	ù-dììny 	bè'cw?

who 	completive-hit 	dog

"Who hit the dog?"

- Izi language Mar 1 (Nov 28)

sʊ́ 	ɪꜜjá 	lɛ 	ɔ̀ɔ́ 	ńdʊ́ 	mkpùkpú 	̂ànji 	́kùrù 	mí́tìná 	ònó

Say 	him 	that 	{it is}	people 	village 	our 	called 	meeting that

"Tell him it is the people of our village who called that meeting."

é, 	lɛ́ 	mgbábʊ̀ 	lɛ 	ɛ̀ká 	ònó

yes, 	in 	garden 	in 	place 	that

"Yes, in the garden there."

ḿꜜbʊ́ 	ndʊ 	kɛ 	ónjìkwá

meaning 	people 	of 	Onyikwa?

"You mean Onyikwa people?"

-

Amharic Mar 1 (Dec 4)















--- Erromintxela language Mar 1 (Nov 25)


 * khere-ko ogaxo-a

house-ATTR master-ABS

"the master of the house"


 * hire-tzat goli kerau-tze-n d-i-na-t

{your (informal)-BEN} song make-NMZ-LOC ABS.3SG-PRE DAT-FEM.ALLOC-ERG.1SG

"I sing for you"


 * xau-a, goli keau za-k, mol buterr-ago aji-n-en d-u-k

boy-ABS 	sing 	make 	have-ERG.FAM.MASC 	wine 	much-COMP 	have-PFV-FUT 	ABS.3SG-have-ERG.MASC.ALLOC

"Boy, sing, you will have more wine!"


 * txipa nola d-u-zu?

name 	how 	ABS.3SG-have-ERG.2SG

"What is your name?"


 * masa-k eta barki-txu-ak pangu-an d-a-o-z

meat-ABS.PL 	and 	sheep-DIM-ABS.PL 	meadow-LOC 	ABS.3SG-PRES-go-PL

"The sheep and lambs are on the meadow."


 * nire kera zure-a-ren pali-an d-a-o, hemen-dik obeto-ao dika-tu-ko d-u-zu

my 	house 	your-ABS-GEN 	proximity-LOC 	ABS.3SG-PRES-locate 	here-ABL 	better-COMP 	see-PFV-FUT 	ABS.3SG-have-ERG.2SG

"My house is next to yours, you can see it better from here."

--- Warrongo language Mar 1 (Nov 15)

bama-nggo warrngo mayga-n yani-yal

man-ERG woman.ABS tell-NF go-PURP

"The man told the woman to go." (main clause O coreferential with deleted S of the subordinate clause)

gorngga-do birgo mayga-n wajo-gali-yal

husband-ERG wife.ABS tell-NF cook-ANTIP-PURP

"[The] husband told [his] wife to cook." (main clause O coreferential with A of subordinate clause, therefore antipassive is necessary)

--

Converb May 16





--

Serbo-Croatian grammar May 19

Znam pacijenta koji je upravo ušao.

know:PRS.1SG patient:ACC.MSG which:NOM.MSG be:AUX.3SG just come_in:AP.MSG

"I know the patient who has just come in."

Bruny Island language May 19

MOTTI NYRAE PARLERDI MOTTI NOVILLY RAEGEWROPPER PARLERDI NYRAE PARLERDI MAGGERER WARRANGELLY RAEGEWROPPER MAGGERER TOOGENNER UENEE NYRAE PARLERVAR LOGERNER TAGGERER TEENNY LAWWAY WARRANGELLY PARLERDI NYRAE {RAEGE (etc.)} NOVILLY PARLERVAR LOGERNER TAGGERER TEENNY TOOGUNNER RAEGEWROPPER UENEE MAGGERER UENEE

moti nairi palati moti nowili retji-ropa palati nairi palati makara waran-ngali retji-ropa makara tökana wini nairi palawa lookana takara tini lawey waran-ngali palati nairi retji nowili palawa lookana takara tini tökana retji-ropa wini makara wini

one good God one bad devil God good God stop sky devil stop below fire good native dead goes road up sky God good {white man} bad native dead go road below devil fire stop fire

Maidu language May 19


 * -mym majdym-kak'an-nik'i heskym

that man-is-my friend

'That man is my friend.'


 * -jamanna -niktynik'an -lajmendi -'yk'oj'usas

{to the mountains} {along with my younger brother} {in the summer} {I used to go}

I used to go to the mountains with my younger brother in the summer.'


 * -his'usan -'anim kylem -lolo

{used to weave} that woman baskets

'That woman used to weave baskets.' --

Awabakal language May 20

kariwang+ku minaring eat+taan?

magpie+ERG what(ABS) eat+PRES

'What does the magpie eat?'

minaring+ku kariwang ta+taan

what+ERG magpie(ABS) eat+PRES

'What eats the magpie?'

---

Jespersen's Cycle 2018-09-17
 * jeo ne dis.

I NEG say

'I do not say'

In Stage II both a preverbal and a postverbal element are obligatory:


 * je ne dis pas.

I NEG say NEG

'I do not say'

In Stage III the original preverbal element becomes optional or is lost altogether:


 * je dis pas.

I say NEG

'I do not say'

--

Siwi language 2019-02-17
 * akúḅḅi la yušas náčču i támẓa

boy not he.gave.her food to ogress

'The boy didn't give food to the ogress.'


 * akbər ə́nnəw aməllal dawok

robe my white that

'that white robe of mine'

-