User:Wünderbrot/sandbox

Coordinates: 32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with other organizations named Scripps.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Former names
Marine Biological Association of San Diego
Scripps Institution for Biological Research[1]
TypePublic
Established1903
Parent institution
University of California San Diego
DirectorMargaret Leinen[2]
Academic staff
415[3]
Administrative staff
800[3]
Postgraduates350[3]
Location
La Jolla
,
California
,
US

32°51′56″N 117°15′13″W / 32.865437°N 117.253626°W / 32.865437; -117.253626
Websitescripps.ucsd.edu

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and Earth science based at the University of California, San Diego. Its main campus is located in La Jolla, with additional facilities in Point Loma, San Diego.

Founded in 1903 and incorporated into the University of California system in 1912, the institution has since broadened its research focus to encompass the physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and climate of the Earth.

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

The original Scripps marine biological laboratory, 1910

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography can trace its beginnings back to William Ritter, a biologist originally from Wisconsin. In 1891, Ritter was offered a job teaching biology at the University of California, Berkeley and married Mary Bennett.[4] Their honeymoon and subsequent biological studies took them to San Diego, where Ritter met a local physician and naturalist, Dr. Fred Baker, who would later encourage him to build a marine biological laboratory in San Diego.[5][6]

Ritter searched for eleven years for an appropriate place for a permanent marine biological laboratory. He spent summers at various places along the coast with students. His goal was frustrated by lack of money and lack of an appropriate place.[6] During this time, research was being conducted at the boathouse of the Hotel del Coronado on San Diego Bay.

In 1903 Ritter was introduced to newspaper magnate E. W. Scripps. Together with Scripps' half-sister Ellen Browning Scripps, and Dr. Baker, they formed the Marine Biological Association of San Diego with Ritter as the Scientific Director.[7] They fully funded the institution for its first decade. E. W. Scripps gave the biological association the use of his yacht, the Loma, in 1904 and served as the first research vessel in the history of the institution. In 1905, they moved to a small laboratory in La Jolla Cove until they arranged for the purchase of a 170-acre (0.69 km2) site in La Jolla, north of San Diego. The land was purchased for $1,000 at a public auction from the city of San Diego (the same site where the SIO main campus is today).[4] However, construction cost estimates for a permenant building were around $50,000. Funding was secured through E. W. and E. B. Scripps, and the first permanent building (today known as the Old Scripps Building) was constructed in 1910.[8]

The Marine Biological Association's first seafaring vessel, the Loma, would run aground in Point Loma in 1906 and prompted the search for a new one. With funds secured from Ellen Browning Scripps, the association was able to have a ship built by Lawrence Jensen strictly for oceanographic research - among the first for an American nongovernmental institution.[9] The new vessel was acquired on April 21st, 1907 and was named the Alexander Agassiz after the Harvard biologist who had visited in 1905.

In 1912 the Biological Association became incorporated into the University of California and was renamed the Scripps Institution for Biological Research.[1]

The first iteration of the Scripps Pier, along with other buildings, was approved for construction in 1913, but was only completed in 1916 due to delays related to World War I. In 1915, the first building devoted solely to an aquarium was built on the Scripps campus. The small, wooden structure contained 19 tanks ranging in size from 96 to 228 U.S. gallons (360 to 860 L). The oceanographic museum was located in a nearby building. Since the pier was completed in 1916, measurements have been taken daily.[10]

The institution's name changed to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (often shortened to just SIO) in October of 1925 to recognize the growing faculty's widened range of studies.[1]

In November, 1936, the research vessel Scripps was sunk when there was an explosion in the galley, killing the cook and injuring the captain.[11]



Wartime[edit]

When WWII broke out, Scripps created The University of California Division of War Research, focusing on accoustics and waves, to support the US Navy.[12] With Harald Sverdrup as the SIO director, recent graduate student Walter Munk was recalled from the army and together they were tasked with aiding Allied amphibious landings off the coast of Africa.[13] The goal was to predict surf conditions for Allied landings. Though Sverdrup was initially intending on holding the position of SIO director for only 3 years until 1939, WWII prolonged his assumption of the role until 1948. Cite this -https://tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/16-3_inman.pdf

  • Edvard Sverdrup
  • Walter Munk & D-Day

https://www.lajollalight.com/news/story/2022-11-13/scripps-oceanographys-point-loma-port-continues-tradition-of-being-on-the-cutting-edge-of-seagoing-research

  • Abyssal recipes


SIO's first scientific diver was biologist Cheng Kwai Tseng, who used equipment to collect algae off the coast of San Diego in 1944.[14][15]

The Golden Age of Oceanography and The Establishment of UCSD[edit]

Following the war, the Navy bestowed a number of vessels to SIO ushering in a "Golden Age" of oceanographic research and discoveries. Between 1947 and 1949 three post-war vessels were acquired and modified for scientific research: The Crest, Paolina-T, and Horizon.[16][17] This, combined with the overlap of the newly-established Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 1946, provided additional expertise and resources for ocean exploration.[18] The three new vessels were put to work on the new Marine Life Research Program in 1950, which sought to investigate the collapse of the California sardine population. In doing so, approximately 670,000 square miles of ocean would need to be surveyed.

When the Aqua-Lung was made available in the US in 1948, UCLA graduates Conrad Limbaugh and Andy Rechnitzer were able to convince Boyd W. Walker, their marine biology advisor at the time, to purchase one. Together, they introduced the Aqua-Lung to SIO in 1950 (with Limbaugh studying under Dr. Carl Hubbs) and began the Scripps Diving Program.[15][19] Following a diving fatality at La Jolla in 1950, Director Roger Revelle requested that Limbaugh develop a SCUBA training program for SIO, which debuted in 1951 and was heavily influenced by practices of the U.S. Navy's Underwater Demolition Team. It was also during this time that Hugh Bradner, a physicist at UC Berkeley, became an advisor at SIO and developed the wetsuit in 1952. Dr. Bradner would go on to become a professor at SIO's Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics in 1961.[15] The SIO Diving Program would continue to innovate and expand up to more than 160 affiliated divers in 2015.[20]

The entry to Scripps campus along La Jolla Shores Drive

The Scripps Aquarium-Museum opened in 1951 and named to honor former institution director T. Wayland Vaughan. The three-story facility served the institution for more than 40 years. A ring of 18 tanks, the largest at 2,000 U.S. gallons (7,600 L), surrounded a central museum of glass exhibit cases displaying Scripps research projects. Within a month of its opening, visitors from all 48 states had signed the guest book.[21]

In 1959, an additional administration building was constructed next to the original 1910 building, named the "New Scripps" building. Campus construction expanded with the completion of the Sumner Auditorium and Sverdrup Hall in 1960.[16]

Scripps Institution of Oceanography director Roger Revelle spearheaded the formation of the University of California, San Diego in 1960 on a bluff overlooking Scripps Institution, with SIO acting as the nucleus.[6][22]

In 1965, Scripps began leasing 6 acres of land in Point Loma to tie up research vessels, including the RP Flip, from the US Navy.[9] The navy gave this land to Scripps in 1975 and the facility was named the Nimitz Marine Facility (or MarFac) after Chester Nimitz.

On October 25, 1973, California Sea Grant became a college (National Sea Grant College Program) administered by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.[23][24]

International Projects and Modern History[edit]

The Old Scripps Building, designed by Irving Gill, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982.[8][25] Architect Barton Myers designed the current Scripps Building for the Institution of Oceanography in 1998.

In 2007, the family and wife of late Roger Revelle donated 2.5 million dollars toward the Roger Revelle Chair endowed position,[26] which Shang-Ping Xie now holds.

In 2014, SIO received a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation to test the use of biofuels on one of its ships, the Robert Gordon Sproul.[27] The vessel operated from September 2014 to December 2015 on 100% biofuels which reduced nitrous oxide emissions, but increased particle emissions. However, the fuel source provided a proof of concept that research operations could be completed using biofuels rather than conventional diesel.

2014 was also the first year of cruises for the international GO-SHIP program, a repeat hydrography program focusing on straight transects across major ocean basins and a follow-up to WOCE. Scripps, along with NOAA as the sole American members of the science committee, has overseen and advised many expeditions to contribute to the global data set.[28][29]

In 2019, Scripps received $1.2 million of philanthropic funding for a 42-foot research vessel, named after Dr. John Beyster and his wife Betty.[30]

2023 Graduate Protests[edit]

In May 2023, the Scripps campus in La Jolla opened the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility.[31][32] The building required the razing of 3 older buildings originally constructed in 1963 and reinforcing of the nearby hillside in 2014.[33] A month later, the building was vandalized in a protest against low graduate student wages. In June 2023, two SIO students and one recent graduate were arrested at their homes by University of California Police and held in custody overnight.[34] The University alleged $12,000 in damages related to this incident.[35] Union leadership in UAW 2865 and 5810, the local union chapters representing the arrested workers, accuse the University of California of retaliation[36] and reneging on the contracts signed at the conclusion of the 2022 UC academic workers' strike.[37] On July 10, 2023, hundreds of protesters gathered at San Diego's Central Courthouse to protest the arrests, however in a written statement the San Diego District Attorney's office said the arraignment would not move forward because the case had not been submitted to its office for review.[38][39] However, university officials have up to three years to file charges and on July 18, 2023 UCPD obtained a warrant and searched a fourth student's house for evidence of chalk or union affiliation in relation to the May 30 incident.[40]

Federal Relationships[edit]

  • NOAA


See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c <ref name="aqua_history">"History". ucsd.ed. University of California at San Diego. Archived from the original on June 5, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference leinen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c "About Scripps Oceanography". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  4. ^ a b Bennet Ritter, Mary (1939). More than Gold in California : 1849-1933.
  5. ^ Reed, Christina; Cannon, William J. (2009). Marine Science: Decade by Decade. Facts On File, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 9780816055340.
  6. ^ a b c Raitt, Helen; Moulton, Beatrice (1967). Scripps Institution of Oceanography: First Fifty Years. W. Ritchie Press. ISBN 1111198756.
  7. ^ Shragge, Abraham J.; Dietze, Kay (Spring 2003). "Character, Vision, and Creativity: The Extraordinary Confluence of Forces that Gave Rise to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography". Journal of San Diego History. 49 (2).
  8. ^ a b "Old Scripps Building". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-07-10. Cite error: The named reference "nhlsum" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Noble Shor, Elizabeth (1978). Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976. Tofua Press. ISBN 091448818X.
  10. ^ Graff, Amy (15 August 2018). "81-degree reading likely sets record for highest temperature ever measured in California waters". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  11. ^ "November 14, 1936: Blast sinks Scripps research ship". San Diego Union-Tribune. 2018-11-14. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  12. ^ Faurot, Tyler (2022-11-13). "Scripps Oceanography's Point Loma port continues tradition of being on the cutting edge of seagoing research". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  13. ^ "Obituary Notice: Walter Munk, World-Renowned Oceanographer, Revered Scientist". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. February 8, 2019. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
  14. ^ "History Of Scripps Scientific Diving Program | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  15. ^ a b c Hanauer, Eric (2003). "Scripps Centennial Scientific Diving at Scripps" (PDF). Oceanography. 16 (3).
  16. ^ a b Shor, Elizabeth (1983). "Scripps In the 1950s". The Journal of San Diego History. 29 (4).
  17. ^ Mackin-Solomon, Ashley (2021-06-01). "New book documents Scripps Oceanography's founding, 'golden age' and present day research". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  18. ^ 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000 (PDF). NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS. 2000. ISBN 0-309-06398-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ^ Price, Mary (2008). A BIOGRAPHY OF CONRAD LIMBAUGH (PDF) (published 2 May 2008).
  20. ^ Brueggeman, Peter (January 2016). "Scientific Diving at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a Concise History". MAINS'L HAUL, A JOURNAL OF PACIFIC MARITIME HISTORY. 52 (1): 8–21 – via ResearchGate.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference aqua_history was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Shahbandi, Niloufar. "UCSD Turns 60 Years Old". The UCSD Guardian. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
  23. ^ "California". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  24. ^ "History". California Sea Grant. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
  25. ^ James H. Charleton (February 12, 1982). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Scripps, George H., Memorial Marine Biological Laboratory / Old Scripps Building" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2009-06-22. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying 10 or so photos, exterior and interior, from 1977, 1980, and undated (2.83 MB)
  26. ^ Clark, Cindy (2007-05-22). "Revelle Family Endows UC San Diego Chair Honoring Roger Revelle, World-Renowned Oceanographer & Leader in Climate Change Research | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  27. ^ Hook, Brittany (7 June 2016). "Around the Pier: A Noble Experiment | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu.
  28. ^ "GO-SHIP SC". www.go-ship.org.
  29. ^ Roemmich, Dean; Talley, Lynne; Zilberman, Nathalie; Osborne, Emily; Johnson, Kenneth; Barbero, Leticia; Bittig, Henry; Briggs, Nathan; Fassbender, Andrea; Johnson, Gregory; King, Brian; McDonagh, Elaine; Purkey, Sarah; Riser, Stephen; Suga, Toshio; Takeshita, Yui; Thierry, Virginie; Wijffels, Susan (1 December 2021). "The Technological, Scientific, and Sociological Revolution of Global Subsurface Ocean Observing". Oceanography: 2–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-02. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help); External link in |doi= (help)
  30. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2019-02-21). "New Research Vessel Bob and Betty Beyster to Arrive at Scripps Institution of Oceanography Thanks to Private Support | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  31. ^ Mackin-Solomon, Ashley (May 28, 2023). "UCSD opening new Marine Conservation and Technology Facility at Scripps Oceanography". La Jolla Light.
  32. ^ Wood, Lauren Fimbres (2023-06-05). "UC San Diego Celebrates Opening of the Ted and Jean Scripps Marine Conservation and Technology Facility | Scripps Institution of Oceanography". scripps.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  33. ^ Huard, Ray. "Scripps Opens $52M Marine Research Center". San Diego Business Journal.
  34. ^ https://www.kpbs.org/staff/mg-perez (2023-07-01). "UC San Diego student workers arrested after allegations of conspiracy and vandalism". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  35. ^ "UC San Diego Statement via University Communications". today.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  36. ^ "The University of California Is Escalating Its Crackdown on Dissent". In These Times. 2023-07-04. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  37. ^ Lucas, Peter (2023-07-11). "California Grad Students Won a Historic Strike. UC San Diego Is Striking Back With Misconduct Allegations and Arrests". The Intercept. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  38. ^ Sridhar • •, Priya (2023-07-10). "UC San Diego students, alum accused of felony for 'chalking' slogans on campus". NBC 7 San Diego. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  39. ^ https://www.kpbs.org/staff/city-news-service (2023-07-11). "Crowd gathers at downtown SD courthouse in protest of UCSD student worker arrests". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  40. ^ "https://twitter.com/uaw2865/status/1681761772448133120?s=20". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-07-26. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]




EMMA6
OriginHeinsberg, Germany
Genres
Years active2005 (2005)–present
Members
  • Peter Trevisan
  • Henrik Trevisan
  • Dominik Republik
  • Florian Sczesny
Websiteemma6.de

User:Wünderbrot/Infobox Chartplatzierungen Emma6 (Eigenschreibweise: EMMA6) ist eine deutsche Indie-Rock- und Pop-Band, die 2005 in Heinsberg gegründet wurde. Zu ihr gehören Sänger und Gitarrist Peter Trevisan, sein Bruder Henrik am Schlagzeug und Bassist Dominik Republik. Seit 2016 begleitet der Gitarrist Florian Sczesny Emma6 bei Live-Auftritten.

Der Name der Band beruht auf dem Vornamen einer schottischen Austauschschülerin, die in Heinsberg zu Gast war, und einer Anspielung auf den britischen Geheimdienst MI6, für den die bei den Bandmitgliedern beliebte Filmfigur James Bond tätig ist.[1]

Unter anderem als Vorgruppe von Wir sind Helden sammelte Emma6 bereits umfangreiche Konzerterfahrung, bevor im April 2011 ihre erste Single Paradiso erschienen ist, die sich in den deutschen Singlecharts platzieren konnte.[2] Im selben Jahr spielten sie ihre erste eigene Tour in ganz Deutschland. Die Band nutzte außerdem das Jahr 2012 zur Produktion ihres zweiten Albums Passen mit Hilfe von Mark Tavassol, dem Bassisten von Wir sind Helden.

Während die Vorgänger bei dem Majorlabel Universal Music erschienen, veröffentlichte Emma6 ihr drittes Album Wir waren nie hier (2017) bei dem Hamburger Indie-Label Ferryhouse. Den titelgebenden Song schrieb Florian Sczesny. Das Album wurde in den Bonner Energiekreis Zuckerhut Studios live eingespielt und von David Maria Trapp produziert. Dabei verringerte die Band den Einsatz von Synthesizern und setzte Akustikgitarren, Klavier, Bläser und Streicher ein.[3] Auch dieses Album gelangte kurzzeitig in die deutschen Charts. Die anschließende Tour war zum großen Teil ausverkauft.[4]

2020 erschien die EP Möglichkeiten, an der ebenfalls Sczesny beteiligt war. Sie enthält vier Songs mit bewusst reduziertem Sound.[4]

Diskografie[edit]

Alben[edit]

  • 2011: Soundtrack für dieses Jahr (Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2013: Passen (Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2017: Wir waren nie hier (Ferryhouse)

EPs[edit]

  • 2020: Möglichkeiten (Ferryhouse)

Singles[edit]

  • 2011: Paradiso (Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2011: Leuchtfeuer (mit Josefine Preuß, Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2013: Wie es nie war (Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2013: Passen (Universal Music Domestic Pop)
  • 2016: Lemminge (Ferryhouse)
  • 2016: Das Haus mit dem Basketballkorb (Ferryhouse)
  • 2017: Kapitulieren (Ferryhouse)
  • 2017: 10 Jahre (Ferryhouse)

Band Members[edit]

-From their Facebook Yannie Reynecke joined the band to play guitar on their 2020 tour. http://southenderhhi.com/yannie-reynecke/

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