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 * Groupthink
 * Motivated reasoning

Gender/identity

 * Chapter 1
 * In practice, sex and gender are often conflated under the assumption that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other, despite a widespread understanding that sex refers to biological characteristics and gender refers to social and behavioral characteristics.
 * In practice, sex and gender are often conflated under the assumption that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other, despite a widespread understanding that sex refers to biological characteristics and gender refers to social and behavioral characteristics.


 * Sexual orientation is conceptually linked to sex and gender because individuals are classified on the basis of the relationship between their own sex or gender and that of their actual or preferred partners. This has sometimes led to the conflation of gender (non)conformity and sexual orientation, even though gender and sexual orientation are separate concepts.


 * Better measurement of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation will also improve identification of sexual and gender minority populations and understanding of the challenges they face. Current estimates suggest that there were over 11 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States in 2020, comprising about 5.6 percent of the U.S. adult population.(p. 17)


 * Sex is a multidimensional construct based on a cluster of anatomical and physiological traits that include external genitalia, secondary sex characteristics, gonads, chromosomes, and hormones.
 * Gender is a multidimensional construct that links gender identity, which is a core element of a person’s individual identity; gender expression, which is how a person signals their gender to others through their behavior and appearance (such as hair style and clothing); and cultural expectations about social status, characteristics, and behavior that are associated with sex traits.(p. 20)
 * Chapter 2







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Swimming pools
p. 7 - Table I - Chicago Public Schools swimming pools built between 1911 and 1935: two colleges, 32 high schools, 4 elementary. The majority were 24 by 60 feet, 55,000 gallons. An Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 meters (164.0 ft) in length.

This building program was the result of the popularity of swimming and the public policy focused upon reducing death by drowning. However, the spread of disease by swimmers became a problem which could not be addressed by filtration or chemical water treatment alone.

p. 10 - A source of contamination was the swimmers, so rules were established that everyone take a thorough soap shower nude, and be inspected by attendants, before entering the pool. (However, this paper does not mention swimmers remaining nude while in the pool, which was the case for male students.)

Swimsuits as a source of contamination was also noted.

p. 36 - It was noted that the higher incidence of e. coli in pools used by black children was attributed to the difficulty of staff confirming by visual inspection the thoroughness of showering before entering the pool.

p. 38 - There was no locker room at Tilden high school, so swimmers changed on the bleachers.

p. 45 - Suits for girls is again discussed with no mention of boys wearing nothing, although a higher bacterial count was measured after girls use of the pool. Although girls were also required to take a shower before, enforcement was lax.

Religion
Rather than religion being the source of sexual conservatism, causation may be in the other direction. Individuals who are sexually conservative may seek out religions that support their preferences.

Intersubjectivity
Conceptions of intersubjectivity address the shared nature of human experience, that understanding of the world is not solely shaped by individual perspectives but the interactions and shared meanings create with others.

Language, symbols, and cultural practices serve as mediums through which individuals convey and interpret meaning collectively. This shared semantic space contributes to the development of a common understanding of the world. The meanings attributed to events, objects, and experiences are shaped by cultural norms, shared narratives, and social context.


 * In philosophy: a metaphysical orientation that contrasts with subjectivity and objectivity, and is associated with phenomenology (Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger).
 * In psychology: addresses how mutual understanding and shared meaning-making between individuals challenges the traditional notion of subjectivity and autonomy, which often focuses on individual consciousness and perception .Intersubjectivity involves the capacity for empathy and recognition of others' perspectives. By acknowledging and understanding the subjective experiences of others, individuals can create a more harmonious and interconnected social world. Empathy fosters a sense of shared humanity and promotes meaningful connections. Empathy is built upon early childhood development: theory of mind and attachment.
 * In social psychology and sociology: is consistant with contemporary concepts of the social construction of reality.

Critics argue that the concept can be overly abstract and difficult to operationalize in empirical research.