User:ZKang123/sandbox/Art and Architecture on the Singapore MRT

Art and Architecture on the Singapore MRT network have evolved over time. The stations on the initial network (the North South and East West (NSEWL) lines) have basic station designs that were engineered to be cost-effective and safe. In subsequent stages of the network, architectural themes were implemented on elevated stations with varying roof designs to give stations an "ethnic touch" (for example curved Chinese roofs for Chinese Garden station), or to make the stations more appealing (in the case of the EWL stations with a cylindrical roof design). For later stations, barrier-free measures (such as lifts and tactile routes) are implemented, with the evolution of station designs to reflect the modern era.

The initial MRT network also contains murals and sculptures that reflect the history or activity of the area the station serves, though these artworks were not part of initial station plans. In 1997, the Art-in-Transit (AIT) programme was launched which integrates artworks into the North East line (NEL) station designs. Ever since the programme was launched, more than 300 works have been commissioned for 80 transit stations on the NEL, the Circle line (CCL) and the Downtown line (DTL), with more to come for the Thomson East Coast (TEL) and Jurong Region (JRL) lines. The programme is intended to enhance the commuters' experience on the network, strengthened people's sense of identity, and a platform to showcase local works by local artists, connecting people to local histories, geographies and communities.

North South and East West lines (NSEWL)
The initial stations on the first MRT lines in Singapore have simple designs, with more focus on engineering and safety using simple aesthetics. One main concern back then (and still is) has been crowd movement. The size of the station platforms and the width and height of the entrances have been carefully conceptualised to ensure enhanced passenger movement in the network. Nevertheless, some of these stations have artworks reflecting the area they serve, and key features were employed for the underground stations in the Central Business District (CBD). One example is the distinctive dome above Orchard station, which is featured as the "showpiece" for the MRT network. Each station also has a colour scheme which distinguishes them from one another.

In the later Phase II of the network, the roofs of the elevated stations have distinct designs which reflect Singapore's heritage and the surroundings, proposed by architect Scott Danielson. The Lakeside and Chinese Garden stations have curved Chinese roofs similar to the structures in Chinese Garden, while Eunos station has a Malay-style roof to reflect the locality of Geylang Serai, a Malay enclave. The roof of Jurong East station, meanwhile, is similar in design to the adjacent Jurong East Bus Interchange: a space frame roof made up of cylindrical steel tubes with ball joints arranged in a geometric style. On the eastern stretch of the MRT network from the Kallang to Pasir Ris stations, the elevated stations have a dome-shaped roof, segmented like a caterpillar, over the platforms. The design was intended by the MRT Corporation (MRTC) to give the stations on the EWL stations an "attractive look".

Changi Airport branch (2001)
The elevated Expo station is designed by British architectural firm Foster and Partners. The station features two roofs overlapping one another — a stainless-steel roof over the concourse and ticket level 40 m in diameter, and a 130 m long titanium roof stretching over the platform level. The former reflects sunlight into the concourse which minimises the need for artificial lighting, while the latter deflects sun rays, which cools the platform by up to four degrees less than its surroundings. These materials for the roof were adapted to fit into warm tropical Singaporean climate. The spacious interior of the station allows natural lighting and ventilation. Its futuristic design reflects the country's willingness to experiment with new ideas and technology, symbolising the "thriving world-class city" that Singapore was building for in the 21st century.

Various features have been incorporated into the design to make Changi Airport station aesthetically pleasing to travellers. The station is designed by architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, featuring a large interior space and an illuminated 150 m linkbridge spanning over the island platform, connecting Terminals 2 and 3 with travellators. Australian engineering company Meinhardt Facades also provided structural design engineering of the glazing system and the tensioned cable structure of the two atria (approximately 60 m long by 20 m wide by 36 m high each) located at both ends of the station box adjacent to Terminal 2 and 3 of Changi Airport, with engineering input by Ove Arup and Partners. In 2011, the station was rated 10 out of 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world by BootsnAll.

Canberra station (2019)
The station, designed by DP Architects and KTP Consultants (the latter of which is now a subsidiary of Surbana Jurong), have a nautical theme; thus, the station is shaped like a ship when viewed from the outside. This design was inspired by Sembawang's historical role as a British naval base. The station’s roof is modeled after wind blades to convey the speed of Singapore's public transportation. The sides of the station were constructed using glass rather than concrete to allow natural light to enter. Louvers were installed to provide ventilation. For the construction team's efforts to integrate landscaping and the use of eco-friendly materials, the station was awarded a Platinum certification under the Building and Construction Authority's new Green Mark scheme for transit stations. Canberra station is the first MRT station to attain such a rating.

North East line (NEL)
Each of the 16 NEL stations has a unique design which reflects its location. The HarbourFront station has a maritime theme, with an elliptical ship's-hull motif used for the ceiling and concourse entrances to the platforms. At Little India, the station walls' metal grills have leaf-shaped patterns similar to the door patterns of Hindu prayer rooms. The station's design was intended to reflect Indian traditions.

Station entrances use glass, allowing natural lighting during the day. Exit A of the Chinatown station has a transparent pavilion-style roof, which allows natural light and provides an unobstructed view of the shophouses along Pagoda Street. At Serangoon, each of its four triangular-shaped entrances is painted a different colour and enclosed in a cubic structure. Unlike at the other NEL stations, the entrances to Buangkok do not use glass; white Teflon sheets are supported by metal frames.

Dhoby Ghaut station is the MRT network's largest, and the five-level station is integrated with the twin-towered office complex Atrium@Orchard above it. The network's first such integration of an MRT station with a commercial development, it permits more efficient land use and improves access to public transport. The station's NEL platforms, 28 m underground, are some of the MRT's deepest.

The four-level Sengkang station is an integrated hub, with Singapore's three public-transport modes – MRT, LRT and bus – serving the Sengkang area. The MRT/LRT station was the MRT network's first intermodal station for all three transport modes. In addition to its transport facilities, the station is integrated with the Compass Heights and Compass Point developments.

Designed by the 3HPArchitects and Farrells architectural firms, the Punggol station is integrated with the LRT station and the bus interchange. Its curved aluminium and stainless-steel cladding gives the station a futuristic look befitting the Punggol 21 developments. Covering 320 m along Punggol Central to accommodate bus stops, taxi stands and passenger drop-off points along the road, the station is the NEL's longest.

Bras Basah station (2010)
Bras Basah station is one of two stations commissioned through the Marina line Architectural Design Competition jointly organised by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA). Designed by WOHA, the station design resolves two conflicting conditions needed for the station: allowing a visual connection to the exterior to enhance the travel experience for the commuters, and enabling the station to blend into the landscape in the historic district and park location. A reflection pool, which also acts as the station roof, allows skylight to enter the station, and functions as a landscape element on the surface. With skylight entering the station, minimal artificial light is required for the station during the day. The natural light improves way-finding and safety for the commuters. The ventilation shafts of the station blends into the landscape, avoiding obstruction of the view across the site to the surrounding civic buildings.

At the 2001 SIA Awards, the SIA awarded LTA the prize for ‘Excellence in Architectural Design Competitions’. In 2009, the station was awarded the "Best Transport Building" at the World Architecture Festival, on the basis that the design gives "precedence to the surrounding, historically important, colonial structures, creating a piazza-like urban space to the station underneath" and noted the design's functionality to allow natural light into the station. The station later won the Award for International Architecture at the AIA's (American Institute of Architects) 2010 National Architecture Awards. In addition, it won the Chicago Athenaeum and the European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies and International Architecture Awards in 2011.

Stadium station (2010)
Stadium station was designed by an architectural team from WOHA, an architectural firm, led by Wang Mun Summ and Richard Hassell. The station was another station to be commissioned through the Marina Line Architectural Design Competition jointly organized by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Singapore Institute of Architects (SIA) in 2000. The station was designed to handle large passenger numbers during major events, featuring an open-air concourse and plaza space to accommodate the crowds and prevent overcrowding within the station. The open-ended station allows it to be linked to future developments around the station at ground level.

Initially, it was proposed by the design team to elevate the then-existing Stadium Boulevard and build a public space underneath which will link to the surrounding buildings. However, after analysing possible traffic patterns for the road bridge, the (LTA) recommended scrapping the bridge. As the bridge was a key feature of the design, the team had to redesign the station, but they kept the characteristics of a public plaza, a transparent diagram and basic yet massive elements for the new design.

The new design contrasts a straight side against a curved opposite side. According to WOHA, the change is just rotating the old design on its side, with the bridge changed to the curved side and the ground being the straight vertical side. The curve side and the grey colour scheme draws reference to the old National Stadium, which has been demolished to make way for the current Singapore Sports Hub. The station has a grand spacious interior inspired by European train stations built in the 19th century, with the skylight naturally illuminating the platforms to make them visually appealing and eliminating the need to have excessive signage to navigate around. The station exterior was cladded with ribbed aluminium to make the material ambiguous; making them look soft or hard depending on light conditions and time of the day.

This station was awarded "Design Of The Year" of the President's Design Award in 2010, nominated by Patrick Bingham-Hall, an architectural photographer. Bingham-Hall, the nominator, praised the station as a 'brilliantly intuitive piece of architecture (which) defy imitation', while the jurors of the award commented that the station design was 'appropriate' to reflect the importance of the new Sports Hub the station serves. The station also received the 9th SIA Architectural Design Awards for the Industrial, Transport & Infrastructure, the Award for International Architecture by the Australian Institute of Architects and the 2010 International Architecture Award by the Chicago Athenaeum and the European Centre for Architecture Art Design and Urban Studies. It was also one of the finalists for the 2008 World Architecture Festival.

Marina Bay station (2012)
The Circle line station was designed by Aedas, Quarry Bay & Aedas Pte Ltd (Station Architect). Visibility, integration and efficiency were the focal points when designing the CCL part of the station, as the station entrances need to integrate into the park where the station is located. The design also has provisions for a future underground pedestrian network (converted from a temporary maintenance facility near the station) and connections to future developments. The translucent canopy acts as a skylight to allow natural light into the underground hall. The large entrance also allows large amounts of natural light to enter the station. To limit the visual impact of the station to the surrounding park landscape, only the lift, escalators, the lightweight ETFE canopy and the reflective pool are visible from street level, giving users a full view of the park from the station entrance. The reflective pool also provides a smooth transition between the exits and the park.

The station design was the winner of the Small Project Award at the World Architecture Festival in 2012. Other awards includes the Land Transport Excellence Awards 2012 (as the Best Design Rail / Road Infrastructure – Project Partner), the 2013 UIPT Asia-Pacific Grow with Public Transport Award and honourable mention for the Singapore Institute of Architects Architectural Design Awards 2012.

Little India station (2015)
The Art in Transit artwork, “Woven Field” by Grace Tan, consisting of geometric, tessellated patterns made of aluminium, is integrated into the interior of the Downtown Line section of the station and is inspired by traditional Indian saris.

Bencoolen station (2017)
The six-level underground station reaches 43 m below ground and is the deepest station on the MRT network as of 2021, being 1 metre deeper than Promenade DTL station. The station and the tunnels are placed at that depth to avoid the existing infrastructure at the surface, as well as the other rail tunnels in the way of the alignment. The station, designed by Aedas, is only 22 m wide and 140 m long, as the distance between the buildings along the street is 25 m wide.

The station has three entrances. Exit A of the station is within the NAFA Tower Block above the station and the underpass link to the SMU. The station was constructed in tandem with NAFA's fourth campus. The integration allows students to access the campus easily regardless of the weather conditions. The glass and frame structure of Exit B is designed in vintage style to "harmonise" with the colonial-style exterior of Hotel Rendezvous near the station.

The curving interior walls are meant to resemble canyon walls, while earth-tone colours were used to represent the many layers of the soil, emphasising the depth of space. The glass walls of the passenger lifts are tinted in maroon, making the descent to the platforms appear as a descent to the Earth's core, thereby enhancing the commuters' experience in the station.

At the surface, Bencoolen Street was transformed into an enhanced pedestrian walkway. Two of the four lanes had been permanently closed to make way for a community space, which includes a wide footpath for pedestrians and a dedicated bicycle lane. The transformation was part of Singapore's government Walk-Cycle-Ride initiative, which was aimed to make the country "car-lite" and allow more opportunities to walk and cycle. One of the remaining lanes on the street was converted into a dedicated bus lane to facilitate efficient bus services.

The area is designed to be pedestrian-friendly, with sheltered linkways from the station to the surrounding developments. The surface structures of the station, comprising the entrances and vent shafts, were placed to preserve the buildings' facades while establishing a "vibrant, comfortable" walking environment above ground. The street also features seven "funky" benches designed by students and alumni through a competition held by NAFA. The bench designs include a dog-shaped double-level bench, another shaped like a cat on its back, and animal-shaped branches made of fibreglass. These benches were intended to add some innovation to the streetscape. A total of 125 bicycle parking lots are installed at various places along the street.

Art-in-Transit
The Art-in-Transit (AiT) programme is a commissioned art program directed by the Land Transport Authority for the Singapore MRT network. The artworks commissioned were integrated as part of the stations' designs. Considered a "significant milestone" for public art in Singapore, the artwork project aims to enhance the commuters' experience when travelling. Unlike previous artworks featured in the original NSEWL stations, the artwork has to be integrated into the station, while reflecting the history and heritage of the station's locality.

The AiT programme was launched in 1997 with the development of the North East line (NEL), which features 18 artworks in the 16 NEL stations by 19 artists. These artists were selected through the Art Review Panel, which reviews the artists' portfolios and manages the development of the art concepts. With the AiT programme warmly received by the public, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) continued the programme through the Circle line (CCL). The programme was further expanded to include more art genres, with the public invited for artwork proposals for selected stations. An international competition was launched for two artistic seat designs for the CCL interchange stations. The programme continued for the subsequent rail lines of the DTL and the TEL.