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Vadama

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Vadama
Regions with significant populations
Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh
Languages
Brahmin Tamil
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Iyer, Vadagalai Iyengar, Tamil people, Deshastha Brahmin

Vadama, meaning "Northerners", are a sub-sect of the Iyer community of Tamil Brahmins. While some believe that their name is an indication of the fact that they were the most recent Brahmin migrants to the Tamil country others interpret the usage of the term "Vadama" as a reference to their strict adherence to the Sanskrit language and Vedic rituals which are of northerly origin.

Etymology

The term Vadama may have originated from the Tamil term Vadakku meaning North, indicating the Northern origin of the Vadama Brahmins.[1][page needed] However, what is not certain is whether 'North' refers to northern Tamil Nadu/Southern Deccan, or regions farther north. Other scholars are of the opinion that rather than the superficial indication of a northern origin for the people, the term "vadama" would rather refer to proficiency in Sanskrit and Vedic ritual, generally associated with the north prior to the first millennium CE.[2][page needed]

Sub-categories

Vadamas are further sub-divided into five categories

History

Some historians hold that all Brahmins who migrated to the far-south during and after the age of the Gupta Emperors, came to be classified as Vadama.[5][page needed]

Second millennium

14th and 15th centuries

Instability prevailed in Peninsular India in the aftermath of the defeat of the Yadavas of Deogiri and Kakatiyas of Warangal in the early 14th century by the Tughlaqs. In response to the Moslem irruptions the Kingdom of Vijayanagar was founded in 1336, and came to be locked in an existential struggle with the Bahmani Sultanate from 1347 to 1490, when the Moslem state broke up. This early period was marked by much strife, especially in the jihads of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (1397–1422) and his brother Ahmad Shah I Wali (1422–1435), when thousands of Hindus, especially Brahmins, were enslaved and temples of the northern Deccan desecrated. The oppression was also felt in the eastern peninsula as far as the Gajapati Kingdom where, for instance in 1478, Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (1463–1482) demolished the Great Temple of Kondavidu and was acclaimed as a ghazi, for personally decapitating all the Brahmins. Such excesses induced Brahmins to seek refuge in the realms of Vijayanagar, where many were appointed karnams (bailiffs) in preference to other castes, from the reign of Harihara I (1336–1357) onward.[6][page needed]

Early 16th century

After the division of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1490, into the Sultanates of Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar and Berar, the armies of Vijayanagar were successful in fending of invasions and restricting the Sultanates to Central India, especially in the reign of Krishnadeva Raya (1509–1529), who also began the practice of appointing Brahmins commanders of strategically important forts.[6]

16th and 17th centuries

Relative peace prevailed until the Battle of Talikota, in 1565, when Rama Raya of Vijayanagar was killed and the capital city razed to the ground. The land, in addition to being plundered by the combined armies of the Sultanates, came to be oppressed by renegade polygars and bandits whose rise commenced with the destruction of the central power.[6] The Mogul invasion of Peninsular India and the depredations of the Deccan by the Mahrattas under Shivaji also began early in the 17th century.

The relatives and family members of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, a Vadadesa Vadama, believed that they were descended from Brahmins of the Desh region of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh who migrated to Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh from where they migrated to the northern part of Tamil Nadu in the 16th century where they were granted the village of Chetpet by a local chieftain.[7]

17th century to the present

During the 19th century, the Vadamas along with other Tamil Brahmins made ample use of the opportunities provided by British rule to dominate the civil services, legislature and the judiciary in the Madras Presidency. Throughout the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century there was intense political rivalry between the Vadamas and the Brahacharanams for the domination of Brahmin villages called agraharams.[8]

Traditional occupation

Vadama Temple Priests in Tamil Nadu

Sociologist Andre Beteille, in his thesis Caste, class, and power: changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village, describes them as the biggest mirasidars among the Iyer community. They may also have organised the agraharams' defence in turbulent times for though there were not many who joined the army, they were not specifically forbidden to take to arms.[9]

In the 19th century, as with other Iyers, many of the Vadama joined, the judiciary of British India as lawyers and judges, or served in the Indian Civil and Revenue Services. Many others continued in the service of the kings of the princely states of Travancore, Mysore, Pudukottai, and Ramnad.[10]

Religious practices

The crescent or U-mark applied with the Gopichandanam is mostly used as caste mark by the Vadamas


The Vadama traditionally claim to be superior to other classes of Iyers.[11][page needed]

Vadamas have also significantly contributed towards popularizing and propagating the worship of Shiva and Devi.[12][13]

Notables

Religion

Military

Arts

Notes

  1. ^ "South Indian Studies", Harogadde Manappa Nayak, Balakrishnan Raja Gopal, T. V. Mahalingam, Geetha Book House, 1990
  2. ^ "Peasant state and society in medieval South India", Burton Stein, Oxford University Press, 1980
  3. ^ "Caste in Indian Politics", R. Kothari, Orient Longman, 2004
  4. ^ "Inequality and Its Perpetuation: A Theory of Social Stratification", Victor Salvadore D' Souza, University of California Press, 1981
  5. ^ "History of Tamilnad", N. Subrahmanian, Koodal Publishers, Tamil Nadu, 1977
  6. ^ a b c 'A History of South India from Pre-historic Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar', K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1975
  7. ^ Sir C. P. Remembered, Pg 7
  8. ^ R. Jayaraman (1981). Caste and class: dynamics of inequality in Indian society. p. 89.
  9. ^ N. Subrahmanian (1978). History of Tamilnad: to A.D. 1565. Koodal Publishers. p. 334.
  10. ^ "From Landlords to Software Engineers: Migration and Urbanization among Tamil Brahmans", C. J. Fuller and Haripriya Narasimhan, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2008
  11. ^ "Tanjore District Handbook", Madras Record Office, Madras, India, 1957
  12. ^ "A Kali Yuga woman saint". Chennai Online. 30 November 2003. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  13. ^ "A Genius of Syama Sastri". www.carnatica.net. 17 April 2002. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  14. ^ 'Sri Appayya Dikshita', N. Ramesan, Srimad Appayya Dikshitendra Granthavaliu Prakashana Samithi, Hyderabad, India, 1972
  15. ^ Krishnan, Nilakanta (2011). Krishnan, Arjun (ed.). A Sailor's Story. Punya Publishing. ISBN 978-8189534134.
  16. ^ "Indian Music", Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva, Indian Council for Cultural Relations, 1974
  17. ^ "Facets of Indian Culture", Ramanuja Srinivasan, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1962
  18. ^ "Sri Krishna Leela Tarangini" by Nārāyaṇatīrtha, Balasubrahmanya Natarajan, Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman, Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran, Mudgala Trust, 1990
  19. ^ "Studies in Arts and Sciences", S. Thiruvenkatachari, Ram Bros., 1978
  20. ^ "Bharati and the Fine Arts", T. S. Parthasarathy, publ. in "Shanmukha", 1982
  21. ^ Sruti issue number 330, March 2012, a monthly magazine for the performing arts, published since 1983, by SRUTI Foundation, Chennai

References

  • Shakunthala Jagannathan (1999). Sir C. P. Remembered. Vakils, Feffer and Simmons Ltd. ISBN 81-87111-27-5.