Vincenzo Peruggia

Vincenzo Peruggia (8 October 1881 – 8 October 1925) was an Italian museum worker, artist and thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre Museum in Paris on 21 August 1911.

Early life
Vincenzo Peruggia was born Pietro Vincenzo Antonio Peruggia on 8 October 1881 in Dumenza, a small village in the Alps of Italy on the border of Switzerland.

Engagement with the Musée du Louvre
For a brief period after having moved to Paris in 1908, Vincenzo Peruggia obtained work at the Musée du Louvre, cleaning and reframing paintings. Some have stated that the job required him to construct strong cases for some of the arts in the museum, including the one for the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci.

Theft
In 1911, Peruggia perpetrated what has been described as the greatest art theft of the 20th century.

According to Peruggia's later interrogation in Florence, Italy following his arrest on 12 December 1913, the former museum workman claimed he entered the Musée du Louvre on Monday, 21 August 1911 at around 7 am, through the door where the other Louvre workers were entering, wearing one of the white workmen smocks that museum employees customarily wore making himself indistinguishable from the other workers. When the Salon Carré, where the Mona Lisa hung, was empty, he lifted the painting off the four iron pegs that secured it to the wall between Correggio's Mystical Marriage and Titian's Allegory of Alfonso d'Avalos and took it to a nearby service stairway of the Sept Mètres. There, he removed the protective case and frame, hiding the discarded elements behind some student artworks stored on the staircase landing. Some people report that he concealed the painting (which Leonardo da Vinci painted on wood) under his smock that was larger than him. But Peruggia was only 160 cm tall, and the Mona Lisa measures approx. 53 x, so it would not fit under a smock worn by someone of his size. Instead, he told investigators that he took off his smock and wrapped it around the painting, before tucking it under his arm, and left the Louvre through the same door he had entered. Peruggia hid the painting in his apartment in Paris.

Having interrogated all of the Musée du Louvre's permanent staff, the gendarmerie begin to interview extraneous workers including bricklayers, decorators and staff hired for a short periods or for a specific jobs in September 1911. During this period officers visited Vincenzo Peruggia's apartment and questioned him twice about his possible involvement, however he was not considered a primary suspect.

After keeping the painting hidden in a trunk in his apartment for two years, Peruggia returned to Italy with it. He kept it in his apartment in Florence, Italy for some time. However, Peruggia eventually grew impatient and was finally caught when he contacted Mario Fratelli, the owner of an art gallery in Florence. Fratelli's story conflicts with Peruggia's, but it was clear that Peruggia expected a reward for returning the painting to what he regarded as its "homeland". Fratelli called in Giovanni Poggi, director of the Uffizi Gallery, who authenticated the painting. Poggi and Fratelli, after taking the painting for "safekeeping", informed the police, who arrested Peruggia at his hotel. After its recovery, the painting was exhibited all over Italy with banner headlines rejoicing its return. The Mona Lisa was then returned to the Louvre in 1913. While the painting was famous before the theft, the notoriety it received from the newspaper headlines and the large scale police investigation helped the artwork become one of the best known in the world, gaining considerable public interest.

Motivations
There are two predominant theories regarding the theft of the Mona Lisa. Peruggia said he did it for a patriotic reason: he wanted to bring the painting back for display in Italy "after it was stolen by Napoleon" (when Peruggia worked at the Louvre, he learned of how Napoleon plundered many Italian works of art during the Napoleonic Wars). Perhaps sincere in his motive, Vincenzo may not have known that Leonardo da Vinci took this painting as a gift for Francis I when he moved to France to become a painter in his court during the 16th century, 250 years before Napoleon's birth.

Experts have questioned the "patriotism" motive on the grounds that—if patriotism was the true motive—Peruggia would have donated the painting to an Italian museum, rather than have attempted to profit from its sale. The question of money is also confirmed by letters that Peruggia sent to his father after the theft. On 22 December 1911, four months after the theft, he wrote that Paris was where "I will make my fortune and that his [fortune] will arrive in one shot." The following year, he wrote: "I am making a vow for you to live long and enjoy the prize that your son is about to realize for you and for all our family."

Put on trial, the court agreed, to some extent, that Peruggia committed his crime for patriotic reasons and gave him a lenient sentence. He was sent to jail for one year and 15 days, but was hailed as a great patriot in Italy and served only seven months.

Another theory later emerged, claiming the theft may have been encouraged or masterminded by Eduardo de Valfierno, a con man who had commissioned the French art forger Yves Chaudron to make copies of the painting so he could sell them as the missing original. The copies would have gone up in value if the original were stolen. This theory is based entirely on a 1932 article by former Hearst journalist Karl Decker in The Saturday Evening Post. Decker claimed to have known Valfierno and heard the story from him in 1913, promising not to print it until he learned of Valfierno's death. There is no external confirmation for this theory.

Later life
Peruggia was released from jail after a short time and served in the Italian army during World War I. During the war, he was captured by Austria-Hungary and held as a POW for two years until the war ended and he was released. He later married Annunciata Rossi, had one daughter named Celestina, returned to France, and continued to work as a painter decorator using his birth name Pietro Peruggia. He died on 8 October 1925 (his 44th birthday) in the Paris suburb of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France. He was buried in the Condé Cemetery of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés. Sometime in the 1950s, Peruggia's remains were exhumed and relocated into the cemetery bonelocker.

His death in 1925 was not widely reported by the media at the time, possibly because he died under the name of Pietro Peruggia; obituaries appeared mistakenly only when another Vincenzo Peruggia died in Haute-Savoie in 1947.

Portrayals

 * In Der Raub der Mona Lisa (1931), an early German sound film, he was portrayed by Willi Forst.
 * In The Man Who Stole La Gioconda (it) (2006), a television miniseries, he was portrayed by Alessandro Preziosi.
 * In an April 1956 episode of the TV show You Are There, called "The Recovery of the Mona Lisa (December 10, 1913)", Peruggia is played by Vito Scotti, who reprised the role in another TV reconstruction of the famous theft, this time for the TV-show G.E. True. The episode was called "The Tenth Mona Lisa" and aired in March 1963.
 * In a 2018 episode of Drunk History on Comedy Central, he was portrayed by Jack Black.
 * In a 2023 episode of Murdoch Mysteries called "Murdoch and the Mona Lisa," he was portrayed by Johnathan Sousa.