Volume risk

Volume risk (or, quantity risk) refers to production- or sales volumes materially and adversely deviating from their expected quantities. The term will have context specific applicability.

As regards commodity risk, a major concern is uncertainty re production - often referred to as "yield risk" - i.e. insufficient quantities of the respective commodity, being mined, extracted or otherwise produced. A participant here further faces uncertainty concerning demand, where large deviations from forecasted-volume may be caused, for example, by unseasonal weather impacting gas consumption. Other concerns include plant-availability, collective customer outrage, and regulatory interventions. These changes in supply and demand often result in market volatility. Producers here are relatedly subject to price risk, although in a narrower sense than usually employed.

In the context of business risk, volume risk relates primarily to revenue, where the deviation from budget  may be due to external or internal factors. Internal factors, such as insufficient human capital and aging plant, may negate the business line's ability to execute the operational or business plan. External factors comprise primarily of the competitive landscape. A PPP, or Public–private partnership, carries what is there referred to as "revenue risk".

Risk management entails formally modeling demand and responding dynamically (if not preemptively) to the market. Scenario planning may explicitly incorporate varying levels in demand. For PPPs, a tax-supported MRG, "minimum revenue guarantee", may be provided by the (local) government. Re production uncertainty, an approach often taken is to diversify spatially; it may also be possible to allow for contingencies in plant availability.

Direct hedging, though, "becomes difficult" when the quantity is uncertain, particularly where the underlying commodity is not storable. One approach is to hedge against fluctuations in total, i.e., quantity times price. Various strategies have been developed, using, for example, weather derivatives and electricity options. At the same time, producers − and their customers − regularly hedge against price risk using commodity-derivatives where available. Commodity traders will similarly have hedges in place for the resultant market- and volatility risk.