Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/March 31

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 * 1146 – French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux preached a sermon to a crowd at a council in Vézelay, with King Louis VII in attendance, urging the necessity of a Second Crusade.
 * 1521 – Ferdinand Magellan and members of his crew participated in the first Catholic Mass in the Philippines.
 * 1761 – Lisbon experienced its second major earthquake in six years, with effects felt as far north as Scotland.
 * 1800 – After fighting through the night, the French Navy ship of the line Guillaume Tell surrendered to a British squadron in the Malta Channel.
 * 1899 – Philippine–American War: Malolos, capital of the First Philippine Republic, was captured by American forces.
 * 1901 – A magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the Black Sea, the most powerful ever recorded in the area.
 * 1910 – Six English towns amalgamated to form a single county borough called Stoke-on-Trent, the first union of its type.
 * 1913 – Arnold Schoenberg conducted the Vienna Concert Society in a concert of expressionist music that so shocked the audience that they began to riot.
 * 1921 – The Australian Air Force was formed, replacing the short-lived Australian Air Corps and separating it from the Army.
 * 1930 – To avoid government censorship, Hollywood movie studios instituted their own set of industry censorship guidelines, popularly known as the Hays Code.
 * 1942 – Second World War: Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers against their British officers, Japanese troops captured Christmas Island without any resistance.
 * 1992 – USS Missouri (BB-63), the last active United States Navy battleship, was decommissioned in Long Beach, California.
 * 1995 – American singer-songwriter Selena, known as the "queen of Tejano music", was murdered by the president of her fan club, Yolanda Saldívar, in Corpus Christi, Texas, deeply affecting the Latino community.
 * 2018 – Nikol Pashinyan began his protest walk, starting in the city of Gyumri, opening the 2018 Armenian revolution.


 * Born/died: | Anne Hyde |d|1671| Pope Benedict XIV |b|1675| Panoutsos Notaras |b.or|1740; 1752| Pieter Burman the Elder |d|1741|  Franz Abt |d|1885| Al Gore |b|1948|  Frank Perdue |d|2005| Mary Greyeyes |d|2011|

March 31: Easter (Western Christianity, 2024); Cesar Chavez Day in various U.S. states (1927); International Transgender Day of Visibility


 * 1854 – U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry (Japanese depiction pictured) and the Tokugawa shogunate signed the Convention of Kanagawa, forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade.
 * 1959 – After a two-week escape journey from Tibet, the 14th Dalai Lama reached the Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh in India.
 * 1964 – The Brazilian Armed Forces overthrew President João Goulart, establishing a military dictatorship that lasted 21 years.
 * 2004 – The Old National Library Building in Singapore was closed to make way for a tunnel, despite widespread protests.