Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Education program handout

''Note from LiAnna: Thanks for being willing to provide input on the medicine handout! Please leave any comments on the talk page or send to me via email at lianna@undefinedwikiedu.org.''

About this handout
This handout is a single large-sheet, front and back handout, folded in half so it forms four pages of content. It focuses specifically on how student editors in the Wikipedia Education Program in the United States and Canada can contribute successfully to medicine articles on the English Wikipedia. It was among the first of several discipline-specific handouts the Wiki Education Foundation produced, and it was distributed distributed in printed copies to any interested students in the medicine area who are participating in our program beginning in the winter 2014 term.
 * What is it?

WikiProject Medicine, the community of Wikipedia editors who develop health content on Wikipedia, encourages professors in the United States and Canada to have their students contribute content to the medicine area on Wikipedia. Many of these professors do so by participating in the Wikipedia Education Program in the United States and Canada. In response to complaints from longtime Wikipedia contributors in the medicine area, student editors, and the instructors who have said that getting involved that medicine is a challenging area for this work, the Wiki Ed Foundation acting throught the Wikipedia Education Program wanted to make the experience better for all parties involved by providing additional guidance specific to student editors writing medicine articles.
 * Why medicine?

Student editors in our program are encouraged to go through the online training and read the Editing Wikipedia brochure.
 * What should student editors already know?

The Wiki Ed Foundation provides guidance for instructors in the form of an online training, brochures, and assignment design consulting. For medicine instructors, this includes the medical topics training module.
 * What should instructors already know?

Wiki Ed student surveys show that the single resource they use most is printed paper guidance, and they won’t necessarily click links given to them, but if they have a physical handout on their desk next to them while they work, they will use it. Consequently, Wiki Ed began creating a physical printed resource that’s aimed specifically at student editors, with the most common challenges they face.
 * Why not just link to ?

Scared? Don’t be!
Everybody on Wikipedia wants to make the best encyclopedia they can. Take the time to understand the rules, and soon you’ll be contributing to a valuable resource you use on a daily basis!

wikipedia globe vector [no layers]

Editing Wikipedia can be daunting for newbies, especially if you’re a student editor contributing to Wikipedia for the first time as a class assignment. This guide is designed to assist students who have been assigned to contribute medicine-related content to Wikipedia. Here’s what other editors in medicine will expect you to know.

Be accurate
You’re editing a resource millions of people use to make medical decisions, so it’s vitally important to be accurate. Wikipedia is used more for medical information than the websites for WebMD, NIH, and the WHO. Your work for this class will be read by thousands of people. But with great power comes great responsibility!

Understand the guidelines
Wikipedia editors in the medicine area have developed additional guidelines to ensure that the content on Wikipedia is medically sound. Take extra time to read and understand the guidelines here, then ensure everything you post on Wikipedia meets these requirements. When you post something that doesn’t meet these guidelines, it will be found, and it costs valuable volunteer time that could be used to create content to clean up after you. If you’re not comfortable working under these guidelines, talk to your instructor about an alternative off-wiki assignment.

Engage with editors
Part of the Wikipedia experience is receiving and responding to feedback from other editors. Do not submit your content on the last day, then leave Wikipedia! Real human volunteers from the Wikipedia community will likely read and respond to it, and it would be polite for you to acknowledge the time they volunteer to polish your work! Everything submitted to Wikipedia is reviewed by multiple, real humans! You may not get a comment, but if you do, please acknowledge it.

Watch out for close paraphrasing
Plagiarizing or close paraphrasing is never okay on Wikipedia and is a violation of your university’s academic honor code. It’s even worse on Wikipedia, as valuable volunteer time that could be used to create good content is instead used to clean up plagiarized work. If you plagiarize or too closely paraphrase on Wikipedia, it is extremely likely that you’ll be caught by other editors and there will be an online record of your plagiarism tied to your permanent online record. Note that even educational materials from organizations like the WHO and abstracts of articles in PubMed are under copyright and cannot be copied. Write them in your own words whenever possible. If you aren’t clear on what close paraphrasing is, visit your university’s writing center.

Editing Wikipedia articles on medicine
Choosing an article Generally, follow these guidelines when determining which medicine article to improve: • Choose a topic that isn’t already well- developed on Wikipedia (look for what’s known as “stub” or “start-class” articles — check the talk page for an article’s rating). • Choose a topic where there’s a lot of literature in peer-reviewed journals and books about it. Some articles are short because there isn’t enough literature to expand them. Remember that Wikipedia’s sourcing requirements in medicine are strict. • If you’re not familiar with research literature, you may wish to find interesting sources first, then choose a Wikipedia article to develop. Organizing your article Every article will be unique, but there are some general sections that readers and other editors will expect to see in your article. Here is an example of a the general outline for articles on diseases. For outlining topics other than a disease, check shortcut WP:MEDSECTIONS for guidelines. Otherwise, you could visit the list of good articles in biology and medicine for high quality articles in medicine, find a related topic to yours, and see how other editors have organized their articles. Writing about diseases, disorders, or syndromes: • Classification, if relevant. May also be placed as a subheading of diagnosis. • Signs and symptoms or characteristics. • Causes: Includes risk factors, triggers, genetics or genome, virology, (e.g., structure/ morphology and replication). • Mechanism: For information about pathophysiology. • Diagnosis: Includes characteristic biopsy findings and differential diagnosis. • Prevention or screening. Writing about treatment or management • This might include any type of currently used treatment, such as diet, exercise, medication, palliative care, physical therapy, psychotherapy, self care, surgery, watchful waiting, and many other possibilities. • Consider discussing treatments in a plausible order in which they might be tried, or discussing the most common treatments first. Avoid experimental/speculative treatments and preventive measures (e.g., prophylactic vaccines or infection-avoidance techniques). • Wikipedia articles should not be written in a “how-to” style, but this does not prevent adding official guidelines of treatments or managements if these can be presented in an objective manner and with medically reliable sources. • Outcomes
 * For the prognosis. May also be

labeled “Possible outcomes” or “Outlook” • Epidemiology: factors such as incidence, prevalence, age distribution, and sex ratio. Other topics to consider: • History: Early discoveries, historical figures, and outdated treatments (not patient history). • Society and culture: This might include stigma, economics, religious aspects, awareness, legal issues, notable cases. • Research directions: Include only if addressed by significant sources. Avoid useless statements like “More research is needed”. Wikipedia is not a directory of clinical trials or researchers. • Special populations, such as geriatrics, pregnancy or pediatrics. Also see shortcut WP:MEDSECTIONS . Getting started

Title: Editing medicine articles
Editing Wikipedia can be daunting for newbies, especially if you’re a student editor approaching contributing content to Wikipedia for the first time as a class assignment. This guide is designed to assist students who have been assigned to contribute content in medicine to Wikipedia. Here you'll find information about what other editors in medicine will expect you to know.

You’re editing a resource millions of people use to make medical decisions, so it’s vitally important to be accurate. Wikipedia is used more for medical information than the websites for WebMD, NIH, and the WHO. Your work for this class will be read by thousands of people. But with great power comes great responsibility!
 * Be accurate

Wikipedia editors in the medicine area have developed additional guidelines to ensure that the content on Wikipedia in this area is medically sound. Take extra time to read and understand the guidelines here, then ensure everything you post on Wikipedia meets these requirements. When you post something that doesn’t meet these guidelines, it will be found, and it costs valuable volunteer time that could be used to create content to clean up after you. If you’re not comfortable working under these guidelines, talk to your instructor about an alternative off-wiki assignment.
 * Understand the guidelines

Part of the Wikipedia experience is receiving and responding to feedback from other editors. Do not submit your content on the last day, then leave Wikipedia! Real human volunteers from the Wikipedia community will likely read and respond to it, and it would be polite for you to acknowledge the time they volunteer to polish your work! Everything submitted to Wikipedia is reviewed by multiple, real humans! You may not get a comment, but if you do, please acknowledge it.
 * Engage with editors

Plagiarizing or close paraphrasing is never okay on Wikipedia and is a violation of your university’s academic honor code. It’s even worse on Wikipedia, as valuable volunteer time that could be used to create good content is instead used to clean up plagiarized work. If you plagiarize or too closely paraphrase on Wikipedia, it is extremely likely that you’ll be caught by other editors and there will be an online record of your plagiarism tied to your permanent online record. Note that even educational materials from organizations like the WHO and abstracts of articles in PubMed are under copyright and cannot be copied. Write them in your own words whenever possible. If you aren’t clear on what close paraphrasing is, visit your university’s writing center.
 * Watch out for close paraphrasing

Have a healthy respect for why these rules exist: Everybody on Wikipedia wants to make the best encyclopedia they can. Take the time to understand the rules, and soon you’ll be contributing to a valuable resource you use on a daily basis!
 * Scared? Don’t be!

Page 2: Getting started
Generally, follow these guidelines when determining which medicine article to improve:
 * Choosing an article
 * Choose a topic that isn’t already well-developed on Wikipedia (look for what’s known as “stub” or “start-class” articles — check the talk page for an article’s rating).
 * Choose a topic where there’s a lot of literature in peer-reviewed journals and books about it. Some articles are short because there isn’t enough literature to expand them. Remember that Wikipedia’s sourcing requirements in medicine are strict.
 * If you’re not familiar with research literature, you may wish to find interesting sources first, then choose a Wikipedia article to develop.

Every article will be unique, but there are some general sections that readers and other editors will expect to see in your article. Here is an example of a the general outline for articles on diseases. For outlining topics other than a disease, check WP:MEDSECTIONS for guidelines. Otherwise, you could visit the list of good articles in biology and medicine for high quality articles in medicine, and find a related topic to yours, and see how other editors have organized their article.
 * Organizing your medicine article


 * Diseases, disorders, or syndromes
 * Classification: If relevant. May also be placed as a subheading of diagnosis
 * Signs and symptoms or Characteristics
 * Causes: Includes Risk factors, triggers, Genetics or genome, Virology (e.g., structure/morphology and replication).
 * Mechanism: For information about pathophysiology.
 * Diagnosis: Includes characteristic biopsy findings and differential diagnosis.
 * Prevention or Screening (if the section only discusses secondary prevention it should follow the treatment section)
 * Treatment or Management: This might include any type of currently used treatment, such as diet, exercise, medication, palliative care, physical therapy, psychotherapy, self care, surgery, watchful waiting, and many other possibilities. Consider discussing treatments in a plausible order in which they might be tried, or discussing the most common treatments first.  Avoid experimental/speculative treatments and preventive measures (e.g., prophylactic vaccines or infection-avoidance techniques). As per the policy of WP:NOTHOW, Wikipedia articles should not be written in a "how-to" style, but this does not prevent adding official guidelines of treatments or managements if these can be presented in an objective manner and with medically reliable sources.
 * Outcomes: For the prognosis.  May also be labeled "Possible outcomes" or "Outlook".
 * Epidemiology: factors such as incidence, prevalence, age distribution, and sex ratio.
 * History: Early discoveries, historical figures, and outdated treatments (not patient history)
 * Society and culture: This might include stigma, economics, religious aspects, awareness, legal issues, notable cases
 * Research directions: Include only if addressed by significant sources.  See Trivia, and avoid useless statements like "More research is needed".  Wikipedia is not a directory of clinical trials or researchers.
 * Special populations, such as Geriatrics or Pregnancy or Pediatrics
 * Other animals

The lead section is the most important section of a Wikipedia article, and it takes a particular form. A good lead section will summarize the entire article in 1-4 paragraphs, providing context and briefly covering all of the important aspects of the topic. The first sentence &mdash; which usually starts with the name of the topic in bold &mdash; serves as a definition of the topic and indicates why it is important.
 * [callout connected to the "Lead section" entries of the outlines] Lead section

One good strategy for writing a Wikipedia article is to draft a lead section first, which you can then use as an outline for the rest of the article. Revise it as you go to make sure it accurately summarizes the body of the article.

Page 3: Using references
For detailed questions about whether a source is okay or not, see WP:MEDRS, but here are general guidelines. If you have a question about whether a source is okay, ask at WP:RSN.


 * Use these sources
 * Secondary sources: These are ones that summarize one or more primary or secondary sources, usually to provide an overview of the current understanding of a medical topic, to make recommendations, or to combine the results of several studies. They include:
 * literature reviews or systematic reviews found in reputable medical journals
 * academic and professional books written by experts in the relevant field, from a respected publisher
 * medical guidelines or position statements from nationally or internationally recognized expert bodies


 * Don’t use these sources
 * Primary source: Theses are ones where authors directly participated in the research or documented their personal experiences (examining patients, for example). These include:
 * nearly all papers published in medical journals
 * Popular press articles
 * Blogs
 * Any other non-peer-reviewed source

Graphic accompanies this illustrating the wikicode ways of doing this.
 * Cite your sources

You must have the PubMed ID (PMID) or Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for every journal article you cite, or the ISBN and page number of any book you cite. This enables other editors to verify the accuracy of the information you added.

To add a citation using VisualEditor:
 * 1) Move your cursor to the end of the block of text you want to cite a source for.
 * 2) Click "Cite" in the toolbar.
 * 3) For a book, add the ISBN. For an online source, add the URL. (There are options for sources with neither an ISBN or a URL.)
 * 4) Add any other key information, such as the page number(s) for a book, and insert the citation.

If you’re using wiki markup, follow these instructions:
 * 1) Move your cursor to the end of the first sentence you want to cite that source for.
 * 2) Click the Cite tab in the top of the edit box.
 * 3) In the dropdown Templates menu, select “Cite journal” or “Cite book”, as appropriate.
 * 4) Type in the PMID, DOI, or ISBN with the page number/s, and then click on the magnifying glass icon. The cite tool will automatically process the details.
 * 5) Perhaps 5% of the time, the Wikipedia tool will not work. In that case try putting a DOI into the DOI Wikipedia reference generator at: http://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py

Page 4: Writing your article
As you start writing, remember to keep these important guidelines in mind:
 * Writing your medicine article
 * Don’t appear to offer medical advice; you’re writing fact-based descriptions of medically accepted information.
 * Unlike most school assignments, Wikipedia doesn’t permit original research. A Wikipedia article should cover what the literature says, not your own thesis.
 * Be sure you’re writing fact-based encyclopedic content, not an essay. See the Editing Wikipedia brochure linked from your course page if you need a refresher on the difference in tone.
 * Give appropriate weight to aspects of the topic as the respected literature covers it.
 * Remember, your audience isn’t studying medicine like you are! When mentioning technical terms for the first time, provide a short plain-English explanation in parentheses if possible.
 * Remember your audience is global. If your coverage relates only to your own country you need to say that. Try to find sources from other parts of the world in English, and reflect any significant differences in recommendations, and also terminology.


 * Final thoughts
 * Don't procrastinate! Writing medically sound Wikipedia articles takes time. Don’t wait until the last minute, but if you get stuck, always ask your instructor for extra time rather than adding content to Wikipedia that doesn’t meet these guidelines.
 * More information on writing medical articles can be found at WP:MEDHOW.
 * If you have additional questions about contributing to Wikipedia, reach out to your Wikipedia Ambassador or post a question at the Teahouse. You can find the Teahouse by entering WP:TH into the search bar.
 * Thanks for your contributions! Your hard work is providing the millions of people who use Wikipedia every day more information about topics that are important to them.

(copy this from past brochures)
 * LEGAL INFO