Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination

Wiley Rutledge was nominated to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 11, 1943, after the resignation of James F. Byrnes created a vacancy on the court. Per the Constitution of the United States, Rutledge's nomination was subject to the advice and consent of the United States Senate, which holds the determinant power to confirm or reject nominations to the U.S. Supreme Court. After being favorably reported on by both a subcommittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and the full Judiciary Committee, the nomination was confirmed by the full Senate through a voice vote on February 8, 1943.

Background
In October 1942, Associate Justice James F. Byrnes resigned from the Supreme Court of the United States, creating the ninth and final vacancy on the Supreme Court of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Per the Constitution of the United States, the president of the United States fills Supreme Court vacancies with the advice and consent of the United States Senate.

Rutledge had previously been given some consideration for appointment to the Supreme Court previous to 1942. In 1938, the well-regarded journalist Irving Brant and others encouraged Roosevelt to consider Rutledge as a successor to Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo when Cardozo retired in 1938. Brant appreciated Rutledge's views on legal reform and Rutledge's support for restrictions on child labor. Brant believed that Rutledge was a youthful liberal intellectual. He also believed that Rutledge possessed the strong interpersonal skills, legal talent, and tenacity needed to persuade the Court's more moderate and conservative justices in decisions. Brant worked vigorously to amass endorsements from politicians and lawyers for the appointment of Rutledge. However, Roosevelt instead opted to appoint Felix Frankfurter to fill the vacancy. While Frankfurter had been seen as the front-runner to fill the vacancy, Roosevelt had considered Rutledge and others before settling on him due to pressure to nominate an individual from the "western" United States (west of the Mississippi River).

In 1939, Rutledge was given serious consideration for appointment to the court when Louis Brandeis retired. However, William O. Douglas was instead selected. Rutledge, however, was appointed by Roosevelt that year to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. He would not be given serious consideration as a candidate for the Supreme Court for any of the four vacancies to arise between then and Byrne's 1943 resignation.

Selection of Rutledge
As a result of Roosevelt's many previous appointments to the Court, there was "no obvious successor, no obvious political debt to be paid", according to the scholar Henry J. Abraham. Some, including Justices Felix Frankfurter and Harlan F. Stone, encouraged Roosevelt to appoint the distinguished jurist Learned Hand. Frankfurter, with what Abraham called "not uncharacteristic overkill", lobbied with particular vigor on Hand's behalf: Roosevelt noted that he had received pleas to appoint Hand from "twenty [people], and every one of them a messenger from Felix Frankfurter" in a single day. But the president was uncomfortable appointing the seventy-one-year-old Hand due to his age. Roosevelt had previously cited the advanced age of Supreme Court justices to justify his 1937 proposal to expand the Court and he feared that he would appear hypocritical if he appointed an elderly jurist himself.

Francis Biddle, the attorney general, was unwilling to accept an appointment himself. Roosevelt asked Biddle to search for a suitable nominee. A number of candidates were considered, including federal judge John J. Parker, Solicitor General Charles Fahy, U.S. Senator Alben W. Barkley, and Dean Acheson. But the journalist Drew Pearson soon brought up another possibility, who he identified as "the candidate of Chief Justice Stone" in his columns and radio broadcasts: Wiley Rutledge.

Irving Brant also again promoted Rutledge as a candidate for the court. Brant worked relentlessly to campaign for Roosevelt to appoint Rutledge. Brant solicited endorsements of Rutledge from politicians and lawyers and even paid a visit to Roosevelt to promote Rutledge as a candidate. Brant's avid support for the appointment of Rutledge was fueled by strong impression that Rutledge had given Brant. Brant admired how Rutledge had publicly criticized the president of the American Bar Association after the president had defended decisions by the Supreme Court decision which stuck down limitations on child labor. Brant successfully directed Roosevelt's attention to Rutledge, in part, by touting him as the most likely candidate from a state west of the Mississippi River to support the principles of Roosevelt's New Deal. A strong reason for Brant's avid support for the appointment of Rutledge was the strong impression that Rutledge had given Brant. Brant admired how Rutledge had publicly criticized the president of the American Bar Association after the president had defended decisions by the Supreme Court decision which stuck down limitations on child labor. Additionally, Brant successfully directed Roosevelt's attention to Rutledge, in part, by touting him as the most likely candidate from a state west of the Mississippi River to support the principles of Roosevelt's New Deal.

Rutledge was considered about the workload of the position, and had no desire to be nominated to the Supreme Court, but his friends nonetheless wrote to Roosevelt and Biddle on his behalf. He wrote to Biddle disclaiming all interest in the position, and he admonished his friends with the words: "For God's sake, don't do anything about stirring up the matter! I am uncomfortable enough as it is." Still, Rutledge's supporters, most notably Irving Brant, continued to lobby the White House to nominate him, and Rutledge stated in private that he would not decline the nomination if Roosevelt offered it to him.

When Attorney General Biddle inquired with Supreme Court Justices Hugo Black, and William O. Douglas, and Harlan Stone about who they advised be appointed, each named Rutledge as the best among the candidates. Black and Douglas were particularly enthusiastic towards Rutledge joining them on the court. Biddle directed his assistant Herbert Wechsler to review the judicial records of Rutledge and several other candidates for the vacancy. Wechsler's report convinced Biddle that Rutledge's judicial opinions were "a bit pedestrian" but nonetheless "sound". Biddle, joined by Roosevelt loyalists such as Douglas, Senator George W. Norris, and Justice Frank Murphy, thus recommended to the president that Rutledge be appointed.

After meeting with Rutledge at the White House and being convinced by Biddle that the judge's judicial philosophy was fully aligned with his own, Roosevelt agreed to appoint Rutledge. Despite having appointed him years earlier to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, Roosevelt had never before met Rutledge. According to the scholar Fred L. Israel, Roosevelt found Rutledge to be "a liberal New Dealer who combined the president's respect for the academic community with four years of service on a leading federal appellate court". Additionally, the fact that Rutledge was a Westerner weighed in his favor. The president told his nominee: "Wiley, we had a number of candidates for the Court who were highly qualified, but they didn't re geography—you have that". Roosevelt also remarked to Wiley, who had lived in Colorado, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, and Tennessee at different points in his life, "You have a lot of geography."

Roosevelt formally nominated Rutledge, who was then forty-eight years old, to the Supreme Court on January 11, 1943. Rutledge was the only of Roosevelt's nominees to the Supreme Court that had experience serving as a member of a United States courts of appeals.

Subcommittee
A subcommittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary (Judiciary Committee) which was chaired by Senator Joseph C. O'Mahoney reviewed the nomination. A single hearing was held on January 22, 1943. The hearing was a public hearing. In the hearing, the subcommittee heard from lawyer Edmond C. Fletcher. Along with real estate developer John T. Risher, Fletcher had been urging the committee to examine the disposition of Rutledge as a justice in cases involving them that Rutledge had heard while sitting on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.

The subcommittee gave its approval to the nomination. This vote was announced by O'Mahoney on January 28, 1943. While they had been urged by Fletcher and Risher to hold further hearings, the subcommittee voted against this and instead approved the nomination without conducting further hearings. The subcommittee wrote a favorable report for presentation to the full Judiciary Committee.

Full Judiciary Committee
The Judiciary Committee voted on February 1, 1943, to approve Rutledge's nomination; the vote was 11–0, with four abstentions. Those four senators—North Dakota's William Langer, West Virginia's Chapman Revercomb, Montana's Burton K. Wheeler, and Michigan's Homer S. Ferguson—abstained due to uneasiness about Rutledge's support for Roosevelt's 1937 court-expansion plan. Ferguson later spoke with Rutledge and indicated that his concerns had been resolved, but Wheeler, who had strongly opposed Roosevelt's efforts to enlarge the Court, said that he would vote against the nomination when it came before the full Senate.

Confirmation vote
The only senator to speak on the Senate floor in opposition to Rutledge's nomination was William Langer. Langer cited Ruteledge's lack of experience practicing law as a lawyer. He characterized Rutledge as "a man who, so far as I can ascertain, never practiced law inside a courtroom or, so far as I know, seldom even visited one until he came to take a seat on the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia" and commented that "[t]he Court is not without a professor or two already." The Senate overwhelmingly confirmed Rutledge by a voice vote on February 8, 1943, and he subsequently took the oath of office on February 15.