XPath 3

XPath 3 is the latest version of the XML Path Language, a query language for selecting nodes in XML documents. It supersedes XPath 1.0 and XPath 2.0.

XPath 3.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 8 April 2014, while XPath 3.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 21 March 2017.

New features in XPath 3.0
Compared to XPath 2.0, XPath 3.0 adds the following new features:


 * Inline function expressions
 * Anonymous functions can be created in an expression context. For example, the expression function($a as xs:double, $b as xs:double) as xs:double { $a * $b } creates a function that returns the product of its two arguments. The expression collection/(let $a := . return function { $a }) creates a sequence of functions, each one returning a different node from a collection.


 * Dynamic function calls
 * Function values may be called without being referenced by name. For example, $f[2]("Hi there") fetches the second item from sequence, and invokes it as a function, passing the string   as argument.


 * Union types
 * Union types, as defined in XML Schema, may be used in type conversions and function type signatures.


 * Namespace literals
 * XML namespaces may be referenced using braced URI literals. For example, the qualified name  may be expanded to Q{http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions/math}pi, embedding the namespace URI inside the prefix.


 * String concatenation operator
 * The new  operator may be used for string concatenation:   is equivalent to fn:concat($a, $b).


 * Mapping operator
 * The new  operator performs simple mapping:   evaluates   for each item in the sequence , and concatenates the resulting items. This is comparable to the path operator  , but the   operator does not perform duplicate elimination nor document ordering of the results.

New features in XPath 3.1
XPath 3.1 mainly adds support for array and map (associative array) data types. These types and their associated functionality are intended to ease working with JSON data.

Another innovation is the arrow operator  for function chaining. For example, the XPath 2.0 expression



can now be written