X session manager

In the X Window System, an X session manager is a session management program, a program that can save and restore the current state of a set of running applications, including window manager.

Overview
From the point of view of an X session manager, a session is a “state of the desktop” at a given time: a set of windows with their current content. More precisely, a session is the set of clients managing these windows or related to them and the information that allows these applications to restore the condition of these windows if required.

The most recognizable effect of using a session manager is the possibility of logging out from an interactive session and then finding exactly the same windows in the same state when logging in again. For this to work, the session manager program stores the names of applications that are running at logout and starts them again at login. Moreover, for the state of the applications to be restored as well (which is needed to restore the content of windows), the applications must be able to save their state of execution upon request from the session manager and load it back when started again. In general, a session can be saved or loaded at any time, even if the user is not logging in or out. It is also possible to save a number of different sessions and loading one of them at user's choice. Sessions can also be specified by providing the list of applications that compose the session. As a result, the user has the possibility of saving a set of different sessions, either by storing the state of execution of the currently running applications or by explicitly listing the applications that compose a session. This way, the user can later decide to load a given session.

XSMP Protocol
In order for a session to include the state of an application, the application must be able to store and load its current state when session manager request to do so (usually on user login or logout). A protocol named X Session Management Protocol (XSMP) specifies how applications and session managers interact. The XSMP message format is the same as the Inter-Client Exchange (ICE) message format. Of particular importance is that the window manager is able to communicate with the session manager, as the window manager is responsible for the placement of windows and the existence of icons. Applications that cannot store their state can be included in a session, but they do not preserve their state across sessions.

The Protocol
The XSMP is a subprotocol of the Inter-Client Exchange Protocol. The client starts the protocol by connecting to the session manager. How the session manager is located on the network is system-dependent: in a POSIX system, the environment contains a variable. Therefore, when a client is launched, its environment must contain this variable with an appropriate value.

Identifiers
The protocol takes into account two facts:


 * 1) in order for a session to be restarted properly, not only the applications running in it must be restarted, but they must also be restarted in such a way they restore their previous state;
 * 2) the same application may be running more than once in the same or different session.



Different instances of the same application may be active at the same time in the same or in different sessions, and these instances most likely have different states of execution. For example, the user may have launched a text editor on file, then on file   in the same session, and then on file   in another session.

In order for the sessions to be restored properly, different instances of the same application must be recognized as different by the session manager. For this reason, the session manager chooses a unique identifier for each instance of each application. This way, the session manager is able to distinguish between the text editor that is running on  and the text editor running on , even if they are two instances of the same program.

The identifiers must be unique. In particular, they must be unique across all sessions managed by the session manager: the identifier of the text editor running on  is different not only from the same text editor running on   but also different from the text editor running on   in another session. The identifier of a client remains the same even if the session is shut down and restarted.

The main parts of the protocol
The main parts of the protocol of session management are:


 * 1) the session manager chooses a unique identifier for every client
 * 2) the session manager requests clients to save their state
 * 3) a client specifies how it has to be started again in order for the state to be restored (e.g., the command line to be used to start the process)

The last point is possible because the session manager maintains a set of properties for every client (in the X Window System terminology, a property is simply a container for data). These pieces of information can be modified by the client at any time. One of these properties is named, and contains the information on how the client has to be started again.

When the session manager requests a client to save its state, the application proceeds as follows:


 * 1) it saves its state in such a way that the states of two different instances can be distinguished; this can be obtained for example by saving the state in a file whose name contains its identifier
 * 2) it stores the specification of how it has to be started again in the    property; this property must contain the client identifier because:
 * 3) the application must retain its identifier when started again
 * 4) the identifier is needed to restore the state (for example, it is needed to find the file where its state is stored)

The session manager maintains other properties beside. For example, a property specifies how to run the application if the session is destroyed.

Local and global state
When asking a client to save its state, the window manager can specify whether the local or global state (or both) has to be saved. The difference is whether the result of the save should be visible to the other applications or not.

In the case of the text editor, saving the global state means saving the file normally, so that other applications can use the new version of the file. Saving the local state means that a local copy of the file has to be saved, so that other applications can see the file in its original version.

An example
The following are the main steps in the interaction of a session manager with the hypothetical text editor  when this application is started for the first time in a session, then the user logs out and then in again:


 * 1) the application connects to the session manager via the Inter-Client Exchange Protocol
 * 2) the application tells the session manager that this is the first time it is started, and therefore it has no previous identifier (and, therefore, no previous state)
 * 3) the session manager replies by sending the client its unique identifier, say  ;
 * 4) the session manager immediately asks the client to save its local state (only because the client has been started for the first time)
 * 5) the client stores the command line   as the property   in the session manager (this is also system-dependent: in a POSIX system, this property actually contains the  argv array)
 * 6) the client stores its state locally; for example, it may store the name of the edited file and all other information (such as the current line) in the local file
 * 7) when the user logs out, the session manager sends a message to all client notifying that they have to save their state
 * 8) the client   complies again
 * 9) when all clients have communicated the session manager that their state is saved, the session manager shuts down the session

When the client is told to save its state, it may have the possibility of having a limited interaction with the user or not (for example, to ask the user if the edited file is to be saved). Anyway, the state is saved, it tells the session manager by sending an appropriate message).

When the session is started again, the following takes place:


 * 1) the session manager restarts the client   by executing what is stored in the property   associated with the client
 * 2) the application is therefore started as  ; this way, the application knows its identifier
 * 3) the application retrieves the state information from the file
 * 4) the application connects to the session manager specifying the identifier , so that the session manager knows that this is not a new client but an old one restarting

Client-managing sessions
According to the XSMP protocol, a session manager is an arbitrary program (server) that runs and controls the state of other applications. As a result, a client can itself be a session manager of other clients. For example, a mail client can start a text editor for the sake of writing an email, and behave as a session manager with respect to the editor. This way, if the mail client is closed and then restarted again, it can restore the state of the text editor.

Implementations
The X Window System includes a default session manager called. Other session managers have been developed for specific desktop environments.

KDE
ksmserver is a default session manager of KDE Plasma 5 Desktop environment.

Xfce
xfce4-session program is a default X Session Manager for Xfce based DEs. Xfce allows to create different sessions and choose them at startup.

Gnome
gnome-session is a default session manager for Gnome DE. Gnome has supported XSMP since v1.x. 2013 GNOME had intention to replace GNOME session manager XSMP with a D-Bus interface in version 2.24. It was eventually decided to combine both interfaces and provide an adapter (client) for legacy applications. At the time it wasn't feature-complete however, nor used by non GNOME applications. As of 2021 the codebase still includes X session manager clients.

Support across applications
Executable applications usually do not embed (link against libraries) support for sessions support (interaction with session manager) directly, but do this via some SDK like KDE Plasma or GTK, which provides routines for session management and client-server exchange. Some applications may not support.