Zlaté Hory

Zlaté Hory (until 1948 Cukmantl; Zuckmantel) is a town in Jeseník District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 3,700 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone.

Administrative parts
The villages of Dolní Údolí, Horní Údolí, Ondřejovice, Rejvíz, Rožmitál and Salisov are administrative parts of Zlaté Hory.

Etymology
The name literally means "Golden Mountains".

Geography
Zlaté Hory is located about 14 km east of Jeseník and 74 km north of Olomouc, on the border with Poland. It is located in the historical region of Czech Silesia. It lies in the Zlatohorská Highlands, which gave it its modern name. The southernmost part extends to the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range. In this part is also located Orlík – the highest peak of the municipal territory at 1204 m above sea level.

Several small watercourses flows through the municipal territory. The stream Zlatý potok flows through the town proper. The area is rich in springs.

The western part of the municipal territory lies in the Jeseníky Protected Landscape Area. This area is known for the Rejvíz National Nature Reserve. The reserve has an area of 328.6 ha and is known for peat bogs and associated fauna and flora.

History
Golden mines in the Zlaté Hory area were first mentioned in a document from 1224. Edelštejn Castle was founded near the gold mines for their protection. Zlaté Hory (under its old name Cukmantl) was first mentioned in 1263. The area with the gold mines was very attractive and in the 13th century the Přemyslid dukes and the bishops of Wrocław competed for it. In 1306, the settlement was promoted to a town by its then owner, Duke Nicholas I.

Until the mid-15th century, the town was ruled the Opavian dukes except for the period between 1361 and 1367, when it was owned by King John of Bohemia. In 1440, Zlaté Hory was bought by Bolko V the Hussite, who had repaired the Edelštejn Castle and granted the town Magdeburg rights. King George of Poděbrady acquired the town from Bolko's brother Nicholas I of Opole in 1465. Two years later, Edelštejn Castle was attacked and destroyed by Jošt of Rožmberk and after the conclusion of the agreement, Zlaté Hory passed under the rule of the bishops of Wrocław for the following centuries. The town was included within the ecclesiastical Duchy of Nysa, under suzerainty of the Bohemian Crown.

During the Thirty Years' War, Zlaté Hory was repeatedly looted by the Swedish troops. In the second half of the 17th century, the town was at the centre of the infamous Northern Moravia witch trials, during which 54 women were burned. Despite these events, the town experienced economic growth, and linen began to develop.

According to the Austrian census of 1910, the town had 4,520 inhabitants and all of them were German-speaking. Most populous religious group were Roman Catholics with 4,441 (98.3%). Following World War I, it was part of Czechoslovakia.

During World War II, the German occupiers operated four forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town. On 29 January 1945, German SS soldiers were conducting a death march in the area and murdered 138 prisoners on a road from Konradów.

Economy
The largest employer based in the town is CS-CONT, a manufacturer of containers with more than 500 employees.

Modern mining of non-ferrous metal ores, gold and silver was terminated in 1993. In 2019, a geological survey was launched to find out how much gold is still in the deposits and whether reserves of other metals such as copper, zinc and lead are present. Based on the results of the survey and other factors, mining activity may be resumed.

Transport
Zlaté Hory is connected with Mikulovice by a short railway line of local importance. Trains run on it only on weekends and holidays.

Sights
The historic town centre is formed by the Svobody Square and its surroundings. Houses in the centre usually have an older Renaissance or Baroque core with an Empire reconstruction of the façade from the early 19th century. The landmarks of the town square are the town hall and the Old Post building. Old Post dates from 1698 and has richly decorated façade with Corinthian columns. Today it houses the Town Museum, focused on the mining tradition of the area and the 17th-century witch trials. In front of the town hall stands a Baroque statue of Saint Joseph from 1731.

There are three churches in Zlaté Hory and several smaller sacral monuments. In the town centre are located the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and the Church of the Holy Cross. The pilgrimage Church of Mary Help of Christians is situated in the hills south from the town. The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is the landmark of the town. The originally early Gothic structure was rebuilt to its current Baroque form after a fire in 1699. The Baroque Church of the Holy Cross dates from 1764–1768. Today its chamber environment serves mainly cultural purposes.

Ruins of the castles Edelštejn, Koberštejn and Leuchtenštejn are located in the hills around the town. However, only little of them has survived to this day. Edelštejn and Koberštejn are protected as cultural monuments.

The old mining galleries are also protected as cultural monuments. Some are open to the public.

The 18 m high stone observation tower on the Biskupská kupa Mountain (890 m) is the oldest observation tower in the Eastern Sudetes. It was built in 1898 on the occasion of 50 years of the reign of Emperor Franz Joseph I.

Notable people

 * Jindřich František Boblig of Edelstadt (1612–1698), inquisitor
 * Victor Franke (1865–1936), German general
 * Kurt Knispel (1921–1945), German tank commander

Twin towns – sister cities
Zlaté Hory is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Głuchołazy, Poland
 * 🇵🇱 Kętrzyn, Poland
 * 🇨🇿 Vodňany, Czech Republic

Zlaté Hory also cooperates with Prague 1 and Mikulovice in the Czech Republic.