User:Empfu/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A voice break, voice change, or voice mutation commonly refers to the deepening of the voice of people as they reach puberty. Before puberty, boys and girls have roughly similar vocal pitch. During puberty, the male voice typically deepens, while the female voice usually only deepens by a couple of tones which may be more difficult to detect. [1][2][3]

A similar effect is a voice crack, during which is a person's voice suddenly and unintentionally enters a higher register (usually falsetto) for a brief period of time. This may be caused by singing or talking at a pitch outside the person's natural vocal range, stress, emotional tension, or the physical changes associated with puberty. An instance of a voice crack (when associated with puberty) lasts for only a moment and occurs generally less frequently as a person grows into maturity.[4]

Overview[edit]

Most of the voice change begin around age 12 or 13.[4] Full adult pitch is attained at an average age of 15 years, though it is not fully settled until early twenties. It usually precedes the development of significant facial hair by several months to years. Under the influence of androgens, the voice box, or larynx, grows in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in boys than in girls and it is more easily perceived. It causes the voice to drop and deepen thicker. In addition, the facial bones begin to grow as well. Cavities in the sinuses, the nose, and the back of the throat grows bigger, thus creating more space within the head to allow the voice to resonate.[1] Cartilage within the facial area can move into as many as 170 different positions. The glottis narrows, controlling the flow of air, which causes the vocal folds to vibrate and create sound.[5] Occasionally, voice change is accompanied by unsteadiness of vocalization in the early stages of untrained voices. Due to the drop in pitch to the vocal range, people may unintentionally speak in head voice using pitches which are formally chest voice.

History[edit]

Historical changes in the average age of puberty have had profound effects on the composing of music for children's voices. The composer Joseph Haydn (1732 – 1809) was typical in singing parts in high pitches through his seventeenth year.

Unchanged voices were in high demand for church choirs, which, surprisingly, historically excluded women. The British cathedral choir ideal remains based on boy sopranos (or trebles), with the alto part executed by adult countertenors. But in German-speaking countries the alto parts as well are sung by boys.

Historically, a strategy for avoiding mutation altogether was castration. Castrati are first documented in Italian church records from the 1550s.[6] Mozart's Exultate Jubilate, Allegri's Miserere and parts of Handel's Messiah were written for this voice, whose distinctive timbre was widely exploited in Baroque opera. In 1861 the practice of castration became illegal in Italy, and in 1878 Pope Leo XIII prohibited the hiring of new castrati by the church. The last castrato was Alessandro Moreschi (1858–1922) who served in the Sistine Chapel Choir.[7]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Your child's changing voice". Kidshealth.org.
  2. ^ "Breaking voices". BBC Science. 30 April 2002. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  3. ^ "Voice changing". The Lowdown. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  4. ^ a b "When will my sons voice change?". About.com.
  5. ^ "What Is the Larynx?". Wisegeek.com.
  6. ^ John Rosselli, "Castrato" article in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001.
  7. ^ "All Mouth and No Trousers" from The Guardian, Aug 5 2002.

Category:Puberty Category:Human voice


A Sunday roast, which consists of roast beef, mashed potatoes, vegetables and mini Yorkshire puddings, is a national dish of the United Kingdom.
Satay is considered as one of the national dishes of Indonesia.[1] It is also popular in neighbouring countries, like Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Netherlands.
Pierogi ruskie (Ruthenian dumplings), the most enduring of Polish culinary traditions, recall the Ruthenian culinary traditions of the former Polish eastern territories (Kresy).[2] It is a national dish of Poland.
Nihari is a spicy national dish of Pakistan.

A national dish is a meal or snack that is considered as indigenous to a particular country.[3] A culinary creation can be considered as a national dish for a variety of reasons. For example:

Food and cultural identity[edit]

Main article: Index of sociology of food articles

National dishes are part of the nation's identity and self-image.[4] During the age of European empire-building, nations would develop a national cuisine to distinguish themselves from their rivals.[5]

Zilka Janer observed that it is impossible to choose a single national dish, even unofficially for countries like Mexico, because of their diverse ethnic populations and cultures. The cuisine of such countries simply can not be represented by any single, national dish. Furthermore, because national dishes are so interwoven in a nation's sense of identity, strong emotions and conflicts can arise when trying to choose a country's national dish.[4]

Platos nacionales[edit]

In Latin America, although in many cases recipes transcend national borders with only minor variations, the dishes may be claimed or designated as a "plato nacional" .

Both Peru and Ecuador claim ceviche as their national dish. Colombian ajiaco and the sancocho of the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Panama, are stews of meats, plaintains, and root vegetables. All of them are the plato nacional'. Zilka Janer, lecturer on Latin American culture at Hofstra University, observes that this sharing of the same plato nacional by different countries calls into question the idea that every country has a unique national dish which is special to that country, and indicates that cuisine is something that does not respect national and geopolitical borders.[4]

The identification of Latin American national dishes is stronger, Janer notes, amongst expatriate communities in North America. In Latin American countries, the plato nacional is usually part of the cuisine of rural and peasant communities, and not part of the everyday cuisine of city dwellers at all. But in expatriate communities, they are strongly reclaimed in order to retain the community senses of national identity, they ties to one's homeland, and they are proudly served in homes and restaurants. This is a reaction on the parts of those communities that is attempting to resist social pressures that push to homogenize such ethnically and culturally diverse communities into single all-encompassing group identities, such as Latinos or Hispanic Americans.[4]

National dishes and foods by country[edit]

This is not a definitive list of national dishes, but rather a list of some foods that have been suggested to be national dishes.

Drink[edit]

National liquors[edit]

Main article: List of national liquors

A national liquor is an alcoholic drink considered as a standard and respected adult beverage in a given country. While plenty of such drinks status may be informal, there is usually a general consensus in a given country that a specific drink has national status or is the "most popular liquor" in a given nation.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Indonesian food recipes: Satay". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  2. ^ Helena Szymanderska. Polska wigilia. 2000
  3. ^ a b c d "Top Ten National Dishes". National Geographic Magazine (Travel section). Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d Zilkia Janer (2008). Latino food culture. Food cultures in America. ABC-CLIO. pp. 71–73. ISBN 9780313340277.
  5. ^ Howes, David; Lalonde, Marc (June 1991). "The history of sensibilities: Of the standard of taste in mid-eighteenth century England and the circulation of smells in post-revolutionary France". Dialectical Anthropology. 16 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1007 (inactive 1 January 2023). ISSN 0304-4092. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2023 (link)
  6. ^ "Kabuli Pulao With Raisins And Carrots". Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  7. ^ "Food in Algeria: Algerian Food, Algerian Cuisine". Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  8. ^ Hamilton,Cherie. Cuisines of Portuguese Encounters New York: Hippocrene Books, 2001. p. 219
  9. ^ "El asado". Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  10. ^ "Argentina: Gastronomia". Retrieved 25 February 2012.[dead link] (in Spanish)
  11. ^ "Our greatest Aussie recipes". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  12. ^ News Limited http://www.news.com.au/national/roast-lamb-rules-as-australias-national-dish/story-e6frfkvr-1225825752497
  13. ^ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean<". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  14. ^ Bahrain's National Dish
  15. ^ "A Bengali bounty". Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  16. ^ Barbados National Dish: Coucou & Flying Fish. Epicurian Tourist. December 25, 2007. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
  17. ^ Tom Masters (1 October 2009). Europe on a Shoestring. Lonely planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-855-1. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  18. ^ "Bosanksi Lonac – Bosnia & Herzegovina National Dish". Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  19. ^ "Feijoada recipe, Eat brazilian!". Copacabana Info. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  20. ^ O'Neil, Lauren (28 June 2012). "The CBC Community chooses Canada's most iconic food". CBC. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ Trillin, Calvin (23 November 2009). "Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,"". The New Yorker. pp. 68–70.
  22. ^ Wong, Grace (2 October 2010). "Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite?". CNN. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Sufrin, Jon (22 April 2010). "Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against". Toronto Life.
  24. ^ Baird, Elizabeth (30 June 2009). "Does Canada Have a National Dish?". Canadian Living.
  25. ^ DeMONTIS, RITA (21 June 2010). "Canadians butter up to this tart". Toronto Sun., Nanimo Bars, Peameal Bacon, Tourtiere
  26. ^ a b Chapman, Sasha (September 2012). "Manufacturing Taste". The Walrus. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  27. ^ di Cabo Verde|accessdate=2011-03-13[dead link]
  28. ^ The South American Table by Maria Baez Kijac (ISBN 978-1-55832-249-3), page 208
  29. ^ "Top 10 Hong Kong Dishes".[dead link]
  30. ^ Roberts, Geneviã¿Ve (19 April 2005). "Hong Kong warns citizens off 'unhealthy' dim sum". The Independent. London.
  31. ^ "Top Five Macanese Dihes".
  32. ^ "POBREZA, DESARROLLO Y SALUD|1999-12-01". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
  33. ^ a b Travel: 192-Part Guide to the World Part 41 Congo (Kinshasa)
  34. ^ "El Encebollado | Montañita - Ecuador". Montanita.com. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  35. ^ Publicado por Belénchis. "Ruta De La Fritada: Historia De La Fritada". Rutadelafritada.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  36. ^ "la guatita ecuatoriana". 19 December 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  37. ^ "Food in Egypt". Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  38. ^ "Kushari Recipe". Multicultural Cooking Network. Retrieved 8 July 2010.[dead link]
  39. ^ Orson, Lucy (2 July 2000). "192-Part Guide To The World: Eritrea". The Independent. London. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  40. ^ "Food in Ethiopia". Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  41. ^ "Famous French Food". Classic French Food. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  42. ^ "Four Nations Where Forks Do Knives' Work". New York Times. 18 February 2004. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  43. ^ a b "Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes". Away.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  44. ^ "Oiling the Wheels of the Economy."[dead link] Gabon. Winter 2007. p. 19. Retrieved 10 March 2009
  45. ^ "The Currywurst has its own museum!". Currywurst Museum. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  46. ^ "What's On The Menu?: Germany's Favorite Dishes". German Foods. Retrieved 8 July 2010.[dead link]
  47. ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής, 1998
  48. ^ "Moussaka: The National Dish of Greece". Greecelogue. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  49. ^ Last updated: Friday, March 5, 2010 9:08 AM (5 March 2010). "Oil down: National Dish of Grenada". Gov.gd. Retrieved 3 October 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Dough-Eyed One". Outlook Magazine. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  51. ^ "Launga Elaichi Ka". Outlook Magazine. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  52. ^ "National Dish of Indonesia Gado Gado". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  53. ^ "Nasi Goreng: Indonesia's mouthwatering national dish". Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  54. ^ "A Soto Crawl". Eating Asia. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  55. ^ "Chelo Kebab Recipe, Middle Eastern food". About.com. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  56. ^ Beeston, Richard (27 June 2007). "Imams put fatwa on carp caught in Tigris". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  57. ^ Irish national dishes[dead link]
  58. ^ accessdate=2010-07-15 [dead link]
  59. ^ The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion by Eve Zibart (ISBN 978-0-89732-372-7), page 181
  60. ^ Israel Handbook: The Travel Guide by David Winter (ISBN 978-1-900949-48-4), page 52
  61. ^ From Tapas to Meze: Small Plates from the Mediterranean by Joanne Weir (ISBN 978-1-58008-586-1), page 187
  62. ^ Israel, Jill DuBois and Mair Rosh, Marshall Cavendish Pub., 2003 . p. 130
  63. ^ "Jerusalem Diaries II: What's Really Happening in Israel, Judy Lash Balint. Published by Xulon Press, 2007. p. 259
  64. ^ Avey, Tori (21 June 2012). "Limonana: Frozen Mint Lemonade". The Shiksa in the Kitchen. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  65. ^ "Italy urged to go on pasta strike". BBC. 13 September 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  66. ^ http://www.lifeinitaly.com/food/polenta.asp. Retrieved 5 June 2011. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  67. ^ a b c d "Food Journeys of a Lifetime: Top Ten Great National Dishes". Away.com. 9 October 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  68. ^ "『カレーライス』に関するアンケート" (in Japanese). ネットリサーチ ディムスドライブ. Retrieved 16 October 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  69. ^ McCurry, Justin (18 June 2010). "Ramen: Japan's super slurpy noodles". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  70. ^ "Sushi: delicious bite-sized Japanese specialities". Kikkoman. Retrieved 7 July 2010.[dead link]
  71. ^ "Jordan National Dish, Mansaf: Waleg Kitchen". Waleg.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  72. ^ Mimi Cooks: JORDANIAN MANSAF- منسف أردني
  73. ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. "Jordan: Jordanian Cuisine". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 3 October 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  74. ^ Parkinson, Tom; Phillips, Matt; Gourlay, Will (2006). Kenya. ISBN 9781740597432.
  75. ^ Clements, Miles (28 October 2010). "The Find: Tom Yum Koong". Los Angeles Times.
  76. ^ "A Taste of Sticky Rice, Laos' National Dish | Travel | Smithsonian Magazine". Smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  77. ^ "The national dish of Lebanon". Sourat.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  78. ^ "Judd mat Gaardebounen", Mycitycuisine.org. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  79. ^ Boissard, Pierre (1997). Cuisine Malgache, Cuisine Creole. Antananarivo: Librairie de Tananarive. pp. 36–40.
  80. ^ "Nasi Lemak". Malaysia.com. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  81. ^ "Mole Poblano: Mexico's National Food Dish". Mexonline. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  82. ^ "Montenegro Crna Gora Montenegro". Montenegro.org.au. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  83. ^ "DAL BHAT". Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  84. ^ "Bacon & Egg Pie". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  85. ^ "Tender, loving care for lamb". Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  86. ^ a b "KOREA: Kimchi … Gimchi, Korea's National Dish". Global Foodie.com. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
  87. ^ Norway. "Fårikål - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  88. ^ "Beef Nihari". Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  89. ^ "Ceviche – the Peruvian national dish". Peru Travel Guide. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  90. ^ Sifton, Sam (5 January 2011). "The Cheat: The Adobo Experiment". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  91. ^ Vicky B. Bartlet (17 December 2011). "Palmonas: Make 'buko' juice as national drink". Business Mirror. Retrieved 26 January 2012. In his House Resolution 1887, Agham (Science) Party-list Rep. Angelo Palmones said the Philippines has already a number of national symbols, such as narra as national tree, sampaguita as national flower, mango as national fruit, milkfish as national fish and lechon (roast pig) as national dish.[dead link]
  92. ^ "Kapusta kiszona (sauerkraut) is the basis for Poland's national dish bigos (sauerkraut with a variety of meats), kapuśniak (sauerkraut soup)" [in:] Polish Holiday Cookery by Robert Strybel, 2003, p. 14; "Bigos, the national dish of Poland — a hunter's stew of mixed meats and vegetables" [in:] The food lover's companion to Portland by Lisa Shara Hall, Roger J. Porter, 1996
  93. ^ "Two national specialities you'll find everywhere are bigos (cabbage stewed with meat and spices) and pierogi" [in:] Poland: the rough guide, 1991] and kotlet schabowy is a close cousin of the Teutonic Wiener Schnitzel" [in:] Joey Porcelli, Clay Fong . The Gyros Journey: Affordable Ethnic Eateries Along the Front Range, 2006]
  94. ^ "Serbia and Montenegro". everythingculture.com. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  95. ^ "National Food". Slovak Republic. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  96. ^ "The quest for Singapore's next national dish". CNN. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  97. ^ Kugiya, Hugo (18 March 2010). "Singapore's national dish: Hainan chicken rice". Crosscut.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  98. ^ "Southafricanisms: Bobotie". Southafricalogue. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
  99. ^ "Paella, the Spanish National Dish". Aramco Expat. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  100. ^ Kronenthal, Melissa (1 May 2010). "Spain's tortilla de patatas is simply satisfying". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  101. ^ "Sri Lanka Food Rice & Curry". Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  102. ^ a b "Food and Drink in Sweden: Sweden Travel Guide". Swedentravelnet.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  103. ^ "The crayfish party". Sweden.Se. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  104. ^ BBC http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4867024.stm
  105. ^ Cederling: Surströmming (Rotten or more like sour herring)[dead link]
  106. ^ John Tagliabue (3 February 2008). "Swiss Sausage Fans Fret Over How to Save Their Skin". The New York Times.
  107. ^ "Tanzania: 3 FOODS OF THE TANZANIANS". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
  108. ^ "::... Bukit Karon Beach Backpack Hotel in Phuket Thailand...::". Bukitkaronbeach.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  109. ^ "Joy's Thai Cookbooks: Thai Recipes from Favorite Thailand Foods". Joysthaifood.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  110. ^ "Typical Thai Meals & Eating Habits". Bangkok.com. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  111. ^ "National Dishes & Local Favorites from the Islands of the Caribbean<". Caribbeanamericanfoods.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  112. ^ "Fish and Chips," in Fast Food and Junk Food: An Encyclopedia of What We Love to Eat (2011). Ed. Andrew F. Smith. ABC-CLIO.
  113. ^ Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince, Frommer's England 2011: With Wales (2010). John Wiley & Sons: p. 163.
  114. ^ Heston Blumenthal, In Search of Total Perfection (2010). Bloombury: p. 253.
  115. ^ Fish and Chips, Historic UK.
  116. ^ Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London (April 19, 2001). Guardian.
  117. ^ Anita Mannur, Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture (2009). Temple University Press: p. 3.
  118. ^ Robert Appelbaum, Aguecheek's Beef, Belch's Hiccup, and Other Gastronomic Interjections: Literature, Culture, and Food Among the Early Moderns (2006). University of Chicago Press, p. 214
  119. ^ Yee Chiang, The Silent Traveller in London (1939). Interlink: p. 157.
  120. ^ Peter Earle. The Making of the English Middle Class: Business, Society and Family Life in London 1660-1730 (1989). University of California Press: p. 279.
  121. ^ Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery (1883), p. 137.
  122. ^ About Plum Pudding, Everyday Housekeeping: A Magazine for Practical Housekeepers and Mothers (Vol. 13-14), p. 97.
  123. ^ "Ireland: Ulster Fry (March 10, 2008)". European Cuisines. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  124. ^ Sari Edelstein. Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals (2010). Jones & Bartlett : p. 118.
  125. ^ Lesley Anne Rose, Michael Macaroon, and Vivienne Crow. Frommer's Scotland (2012). John Wiley & Sons: p. 28.
  126. ^ "Welsh national dish". Foodmuseum.com. Retrieved 4 July 2010.[dead link]
  127. ^ Cambridge University Press (2011). "Definition of "as American as apple pie"". Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus.
  128. ^ "National Dishes". Travel. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  129. ^ "Cuisine of Uzbekistan. Uzbek national dish :: Plov". Orexca.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  130. ^ "Welcome to Uzbek National Cuisine!". Uzbekcuisine.com. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  131. ^ "Venezuelan Cuisine: Vanezuelan National Dish (Pabellon Criollo Con Barandas)". Chowtimes.com. 22 May 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  132. ^ "Pho: national dish, international obsession". Vietnews Online. 14 February 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

Category:Cuisine Category:Lists of foods


Tram type DL6WA, marked Dalianren (meaning "the pepple who are borned or living in Dalian") manufactured by Tram Factory of Dalian Public Transport Group. The blue one was manufactured in 2009, the other was in 2001–2003.

Dalian, along with Changchun and Hong Kong, are three Chinese cities that have had a continuously running tram system. All other Chinese cities with tram lines have since shut theirs down, and only Tianjin and Shanghai have reintroduced trams, but using modern rubber tire systems.

History[edit]

Trams in Dalian have a long history, stretching as far back as the late Qing Dynasty. On 25 September 1909, the South Manchuria Railway opened the first tram line for testing in Dalian, which was under Japanese occupation at that time. This was the example of public transportation, making Dalian one of the earliest Chinese cities with public transport services. The original tram line ran from the Electrical Garden (present-day Eton Center) to Tai Pier (now known as Harbour Bridge) via Taisho Road (present-day Zhongshan and Renmin Roads), spanning 2.45 kilometers. The number of Type 11 tram cars served was 30 at that time; Body of Type 11 tram car was manufactured by Preston in the United States, its chassis was manufactured by Montien Gibson Manufacturing in the United Kingdom, and its electrical parts was manufactured in Germany. This type of tram car was built with a wooden body and 2 motorman's seats. The capacity is 72 people per car in normal and 145 in maximum. At that time, the Type 11 tram car was commonly called American large wooden cages. Since then, new tram lines have been constantly added and opened up; and 2 tram yards were built next to Minzhu (democracy) Square and Jiefang (liberation) Square. Until 1945, a total of 11 tram routes, three premises, and two repair workshop were built.

In 1945, the Soviet Union Red Army defeated Japanese forces was located in Manchuria and occupied Dalian in the last scene of World War II. On April 1, 1946, Soviet Union Red Army requisitioned Dalian Tram from Dalian Urban Transport Co., Ltd., which was a South Manchuria Railway's subsidiary taking the responsibility of transport business in Dalian area, and transformed Dalian transport service to Dalian City transport company. In 1970s, due to urban development it was necessary to begin to remove most of tram lines. At that time, the 1st Tram line was abandoned ,and now the 15th bus line service has replaced the old tram line. At the end of 20th century, Dalian city leaved only three tram routes: Route 201, 202 and 203. From October 15, 1999 to December 1, 2002, Route 202 was reformed. Some of the vehicles of type DL8000 retired and others were sold to Changchun (now in operation at Route 54 of Changchun Tram). For the replacement of DL8000 cars, the Tram Factory of Dalian Public Transport Group built type DL6WA tram cars. From June 10, 2006 to December 30, 2007, Route 201and 203 were reformed and merged as new Route 201. Consequently many tram cars were replaced with type DL6WA cars, while 27 cars of type DL3000 were built by Japanese in 1930s. They are still remained and serving on the merged route 201 after retrofitting.

Like other Chinese towns & cities, Dalian's tram system was also opened directly as an electric tram, never as a horse or steam tram. Although only three routes were constructed, they have never closed and are still running. Many changes of rolling stocks were occurred, and new modern low floor trams are introduced recently.

Historic Overview[edit]

  • 1909 – Electric trams started operating.
  • 1945 – The tramway network reached its maximum length, up to 11 routes.
  • 1946 – 8 routes were closed step by step till 1979.
  • 2002 – Some stocks were replaced by low floor trams.
  • 2006 – Route 201 & 203 were merged to form new route 201, partly replaced by low floor stocks.

Tram routes[edit]

There are 2 tram routes. Unlike other Asian cities, tram routes of Dalian are prefixed by 20. Trams cruise the downtown and southwestern areas in the city.

  • 201 – Haizhiyun Park – Xionggong Jie (via Dalian Rail Station, merging former route 201 & 203)
  • 202 – Xinggong Jie – Xiaopingdao Qian

Practical Info[edit]

  • Total length – 23.4 km (10.8 km on route 201, 12.6 km on route 202).[1]
  • Opened — September 1909.
  • Fare – RMB 1 or 2 in cash.

Tickets[edit]

The billing method on route 201 is unique. The route is divided into two sections at the Dalian Railway Station: one section is between Haizhiyun Park and Dalian Railway Station, and the other one is from Dalian Railway Station to Xinggong Street. The fare is 1 RMB in cash if you use only one section (including riding on/off at Dalian Railway Station). If you use the Mingzhu IC card, which is a rechargeable contactless stored value smart card issued in Dalian, the fare is discounted to 0.95 RMB. If you ride past both sections (i.e. the passenger does not get off at the Dalian Railway Station but continues to ride) on route 201, the fare is 2 RMB in cash. If you pay with Mingzhu IC card, the fare is discounted to 1.7 RMB. In the case of the cross-section riding above, the passenger needs to pay 1 RMB into the fare box in the car. When you embark, a crew member will collect another 1 RMB at the Dalian Railway Station. In case of the payment with Mingzhu IC card, the payment system is also different from other public transport route in Dalian.

Regarding route 202 in 2002, after the initial full-line transformation of that route was completed, a single fare was applied: the fare was 2 RMB. However, the system had been changed and now the fare is 1 RMB. There is no ticket sales in the tram cars, but it is necessary to pay the fare in cash or with Mingzhu IC card on boarding. It is the same as the other public bus routes in Dalian.

Fleet[edit]

There were a variety of rolling stocks, only two are now remained-

Witt type stock
  • DL 3000 – The oldest type is Witt Type. It has single coach, wooden body and bow collector. Due to their age, they have limited running on streets. It still creates nostalgic old day's charm and runs on route 201.
  • The second oldest was Modern Type. It also had single coach and bow collector, but it had metal body and large front window. It was introduced as a modernization project of Dalian's tram. This type of stock is now withdrawn.
  • The third oldest was Pointed Type. It also had single coach, bow collector and metal body; but the front window was not so large as modern type. Its front side had slightly slanted, so it was called pointed type. This type of stock is now withdrawn as well.
Low floor type stock
  • DL6WA — The latest type is Low Floor Type. It was introduced when Dalian's subway was planned to open. It was completely newly designed, which had three coaches, pantograph, air-conditioned steel body with vestibule and stylish front glass and looking glass. It mainly ran on reserved track, but also ran on street track. It had the largest number of fleet today and ran on both routes. The style of this type was clearly inspired by the Siemens Combino and designed by Paulussen which had been accused of design plagiarism; in 2001 it received the anti-award Plagiarius.[2]

Dalian's tram has one of the exceptional feature that all staffs are female, i.e. –driver, conductor, points man and even the depot manager. The trams had a clear box at the entrance to drop the 1 RMB or 2 RMB note into while the driver looked on. The trams used a mixture of bow collectors and trolley poles.

Depots & termini[edit]

There are two depots, one of which also maintains trolleybuses.

The termini are – Haizhiyun Park, Xinggong Jie, Xiaopingdao Qian, & the Dalian Railway Station.

Alignment & Interchanges[edit]

Most tram routes are on unreserved tracks and middle of the roads. Track beds on unreserved portion laid on concrete. At some crossings, trolleybus lines cross tram lines. Recently, route 202 has re-laid partly on reserved track. That route started running low floor trams, which also run in unreserved portion & route 201.

Interchange with metro is possible at Dalian Railway Station.

201 Route Yun Park Sea origin (due to park is currently being modified, shortened to folk music originating Square) goes along the Lu Xun Road, Century Street, Changjiang Road to end-hing Kung Street, approaching 27 Square, 38 Square, democracy Square, Dalian Railway Station, the North Post Bridge (Dalian Bus Terminal), 51 Square, and so on. In addition to sea-yun Park, a short track is located in the vicinity of the road side of the track to comply with the rest of history, located in the middle of the road. DL3000-type vehicles, the tram for 27 Taiwan in the 20th century, and 30 years of Japanese occupation during the production, were modified in 2007 (and thus some people model themselves after the word "reform" of the alphabet the first letter of the word "G", actually does not exist in models); and 15 sets of Dalian Tram Bus Group plant in 2007 – 2008 production of "Dalian" and brand DL6WA mixed-type articulated tram.

202 Route Xiaoping Island, before the origin along the Huangpu, Zhongshan Road, Xi'an Road to end-hing Kung Street, channels Qixianling, high-tech parks, Heishijiao coastal, compounds which, Xinghai Square, Peace Square, the liberation Square, Xi'an Road Commercial Circle, etc. land. Vehicles produced 40 batches of "Dalian" and card-type articulated tram DL6WA.

Extension point of Route 202 is in the estuary, along the Port Arthur South, Guo waterways, MA North line, end zone at Port Arthur. Elevated tram across the board uses two dynamic and two drag rail transportation vehicles is actually a completely unrelated with the 202 tram independent light rail line, due to rail traffic engineering to avoid the cumbersome approval process and to the existing tram relatively simple procedure

2009 May 8 at about 9 am, 202 tram extension project groundbreaking ceremony was held at the Lushunkou District East Jiguanshan.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ http://www.dalianbus.com/sngj/index_gjlx.html
  2. ^ Chinesen kopieren PAULUSSEN (German)

External links[edit]

Category:Transport in Dalian Dalian

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Empfu/sandbox&oldid=1130945774"