1985 Ugandan coup d'état

The 1985 Ugandan coup d'état was an ethnically motivated military takeover in Uganda involving dissident Acholi elements within the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA), led by Brigadier Basilio Olara Okello, which successfully ousted the second Milton Obote government. The army promptly named General Tito Okello Lutwa as President of the Military Council, only for him to be ousted six months later by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA).

Background
Following the overthrow of dictator Idi Amin by the Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF), a military commission was formed to oversee the 1980 elections. Four parties participated in the elections, namely the Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), the Conservative Party, and the Democratic Party. UPC candidate Milton Obote, who previously governed the country from 1966 to 1971 before being deposed by Adi Amin, won with 40% of the votes. However, UPM candidate Yoweri Museveni disputed the results, claiming the elections were rigged and influenced by Tanzania to reinstate Obote. Consequently, Museveni initiated a years-long guerilla war with Obote's government, forming the National Resistance Army (NRA) to realize his aspirations of armed struggle. The NRA primarily composed of the country's southern tribes who opposed President Obote's rule, including from the Nkole and Kigezi.

The newly elected Obote administration, inheriting an ineffective military due to the disintegration of Amin's army during the liberation war, sought to rectify this by allocating much of the national budget to the military. As a result, the Ministry of Defense consistently had the highest estimated expenditure compared to the other ministries throughout Obote's tenure. Due to the ongoing insurgencies, the government depended greatly upon the military for counteraction, leading to a constant military presence. This dashed hopes that following Amin's overthrow, the military's sway in Ugandan politics would be diminished.

The Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) after Amin's regime saw the disproportionate representation of soldiers from the Acholi, Lango, and Ankole as many western Uganda soldiers left to join Museveni's insurgency, making the UNLA become dominated by the northerners. Following the death of General Oyite Ojok, a unifying figure within the army, ethnic tensions escalated, particularly between the Acholi and Lango tribes. Discontent within Acholi ranks, which had already been simmering due to perceived marginalization and unfair treatment, were further fueled when Obote appointed a Lango as General Ojok's successor, which also angered the Acholi-dominated officer corps. His attempts to quell dissent among the officers, including surveillance and formation of a predominantly Langi paramilitary force, proved ineffective and only served to exacerbate tensions.

Coup attempt
The coup attempt was initially plotted by senior Acholi officers who felt sidelined in the army, discussing their plans through meetings held in places such as the Kampala Club and Apollo Hotel. Despite state intelligence reporting on July 25, 1985, that army officials seemed to be organizing something, President Obote took no preventative action and dismissed the reports, believing General Tito Okello and Brigadier Basilio Olara Okello lacked the ambition to stage a coup.

In the lead-up to the coup, Brigadier Basilio recruited militias under the guise of fighting Karamojong cattle rustlers, integrating many Acholi youths into the army. Under the pretext of addressing cattle rustling, his forces, including the northern army brigade he commanded, moved towards the capital of Kampala, unaware of the full extent of their mission. President Obote issued an arrest warrant for the brigadier and a government official requested help from the North Korean military attaché, but it was too late. By 11 AM on July 27, 1985, heavily armed troops in convoys of trucks and jeeps entered Kampala, seizing control of key government offices, including the parliament building, post office, radio station, and central bank. By sunset, initial resistance from government forces gave way to intensive clashes. The ensuing fighting resulted in widespread looting as looters ransacked shops and stole cars, causing significant destruction in Kampala. The chaos led to the temporary closure of the nation's borders and Entebbe Airport, although 300 foreigners, including 62 American nationals, were allowed to leave the country.

Lieutenant Ochala Walter announced the "total military coup" and end of Obote's "tribalistic rule" on Uganda radio, imploring NRA leader Yoweri Museveni to join efforts in the nation's reconstruction. Following the successful coup, the new military government suspended the constitution, dissolved parliament, and dismissed all government ministers. A temporary 12-hour curfew from 6 PM to 6 AM was imposed to restore order and security in the aftermath of the upheaval.

President Obote fled to Kenya while his cabinet sought sanctuary in Tanzania. Chris Rwakasisi, Obote's security chief, was arrested while trying to escape to Kenya. Meanwhile, Obote's Vice President and Defense Minister, Paul Muwanga, was named Prime Minister of the country. Idi Amin, who had been living in exile in Saudi Arabia after being ousted, expressed his desire to return to the country. His wishes were firmly rejected by the government however.

Aftermath
The new nine-man military council, headed by General Tito Okello, sought reproachment with Museveni's insurgent group and opened negotiations. The general also promised to end tribalism, hold free and fair elections, and uphold human rights, the latter of which he broke as human rights violations continued under his rule. Mediated by Kenyan President Daniel Moi, an agreement was reached between the two parties in Nairobi, Kenya, which stipulated a ceasefire later that year. Despite this however, the NRA violated the agreement and resumed fighting on January 17, 1986, eventually capturing Kampala by January 26, 1986, and forcing General Tito Okello to flee north to Sudan. Afterwards, the insurgents set up a new government with Museveni assuming leadership of Uganda.