2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation

The 2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation followed on from the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, but was delayed to February 2024. The 22 months delay in the restoration of the Northern Ireland Executive resulted from a boycott of the process by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Eventually it resulted in the formation of the Executive of the 7th Northern Ireland Assembly, led by Michelle O'Neill of Sinn Féin as First Minister and Emma Little-Pengelly of the DUP as deputy First Minister.

Background
With Brexit in January 2020, issues with the Irish border arose due to the Brexit withdrawal agreement. In the Brexit negotiations potential issues were considered with the Irish backstop. In December 2021, a judge ruled that DUP ministers boycotting the North/South Ministerial Council to protest the Northern Ireland Protocol were an "abject breach of their solemn pledge".

The 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election resulted in Sinn Féin becoming the largest party, marking the first time an Irish nationalist/republican party won the most seats. This gave them the right to nominate Northern Ireland's first-ever nationalist first minister of Northern Ireland. The Democratic Unionist Party refused to return to power-sharing over disagreements over the Northern Ireland Protocol and the Windsor Framework. The absence of an executive left senior civil servants controlling the nine government departments.

Events
If no executive is formed within six months of an Assembly election, the United Kingdom Government's Northern Ireland Secretary can call a new election early. On 28 September 2022, Chris Heaton-Harris, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, stated that he had a legal obligation to call an early election on 28 October if no government was formed by that date, probably to be held no later than January 2023. Sinn Féin leader Michelle O'Neill voiced her opposition to such an election: "The people spoke, and the people asked for a functioning executive, they asked for us to make politics work." Both the UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and the Irish Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) Leo Varadkar had urged the DUP to agree to the formation of a Government.

The parties met on 27 October and failed to elect a Speaker, the fourth time they had met and failed to do so, and no government was formed by the deadline. On 28 October, Heaton-Harris expressed disappointment that no Executive had been formed and acknowledged his legal duty to call an election, but delayed immediately calling one. The chief electoral officer said the election date would likely be 15 December. The last date that an election could be held under the legislation existing then was 19 January 2023.

On 29 October, Heaton-Harris continued to delay calling an election. Claire Hanna, a Member of Parliament for the SDLP, reacted to the news, saying an election was now "less likely". Heaton-Harris held another round of talks with the political parties on 1 November, amid speculation that the UK government could introduce legislation to delay the need for a new election. However, Northern Ireland Office Minister Steve Baker said on 2 November that Heaton-Harris "will soon confirm the date of the next Northern Ireland Assembly election as required by law."

On 4 November, Heaton-Harris said an election would not be held in December. On 9 November, he said that he would be introducing legislation to (retrospectively) extend the deadline to form a new Assembly Executive to 8 December 2022, with the option for an additional 6-week extension. The requisite legislation, the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2022, was passed by the Westminster Parliament on 6 December 2022.

In November 2022, British prime minister Rishi Sunak and Tánaiste of Ireland Micheál Martin met in Blackpool at the British-Irish Council summit. Sunak said he was confident a breakthrough in negotiations over the Northern Ireland Protocol were possible.

The December 2022 deadline passed without any resolution. The deadline was extended to 19 January 2023. Heaton-Harris invited the parties to new talks on 11 January 2023 to discuss the situation, but Sinn Féin pulled out in protest at the exclusion of its President, Mary Lou McDonald, after which the SDLP refused to take part as well.

Under the then legislation, the latest possible date for the next election, if an Executive is not formed, was 13 April 2023. The deadline to form an Executive passed on 19 January 2023, but Heaton-Harris played down the prospect of him calling a snap election.

Under then existing legislation, Heaton-Harris had to call an election by the end of the first week of March 2023. However, he proposed a further extension, with a new deadline to form an Executive of 18 January 2024 proposed. This was achieved through the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation and Organ and Tissue Donation) Act 2023, which completed its passage through the Westminster Parliament in late February 2023.

On 27 February 2023, the UK and EU announced the Windsor Framework to make changes to the Northern Ireland Protocol. It was hoped that this would lead to formation of an Assembly executive. However, the DUP boycott continued. Talks with the DUP continued without success through to December.

The Assembly was recalled on 17 January 2024. The DUP position was unchanged. Heaton-Harris said that he would, again, bring primary legislation to further extend the deadline to 8 February 2024, via the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation) Bill 2024.

On 18 January 2024, the legal deadline to restore power-sharing was passed. The same day the largest general strike in more than 50 years was held across Northern Ireland, in protest over pay. Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Chris Heaton-Harris released a statement on the situation. In 25 January, the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation) Act 2024 was introduced to extend the period necessary for restoration of government without calling a snap election. It came into law the same day.

On 29 January 2024, an urgent meeting of the Democratic Unionist Party executive was called following the passing over the deadline to restore power sharing at Stormont. Details of the meeting was reportedly leaked to the BBC. Jeffrey Donaldson revealed in the morning that his party would return to Stormont. This end of the boycott was welcomed by Sinn Féin.

The UK Government published a command paper laying out the deal. The deal will end the alignment of EU law in Northern Ireland. Due to the Brexit withdrawal agreement, internal trade was disrupted between the British Isles. A DUP agreement with the Sunak ministry will reportedly reduce checks and paperwork on goods moving from Great Britain to Northern Ireland. This involves the creation of a "UK internal market" in order to ease unionist fears over de-facto border in the Irish Sea. Some hard-line loyalists criticised the DUP for "selling out".

Formation of the 7th Assembly
On 30 January, the parties returned to Stormont for talks. The same day further public sector strikes were held. The Assembly sat on Saturday 3 February. Fresh elections were to be called had the executive not been formed by 8 February.

On 3 February 2024, the Northern Ireland Assembly met to elect a new Speaker, with Edwin Poots, a former leader of the DUP, chosen to be the Assembly's 7th Speaker. Sinn Féin's Michelle O'Neill was nominated as First Minister, becoming the first nationalist politician to hold the post, while the DUP's Emma Little-Pengelly was appointed deputy. Alliance and the UUP also took ministerial positions. They were entitled to one each. The Justice portfolio is assigned separately and was also filled by Alliance. The SDLP missed out on any ministerial positions due to winning insufficient seats in the Assembly; they went into opposition instead.

Consequences
The formation has been considered to boost Sinn Féin's chances in the next Irish general election. As a result Fianna Fáil has increased its ties with the Alliance Party and the Social Democratic and Labour Party in order to combat the cross-border presence of Sinn Féin. In March 2024, the East–West Council held their first meeting. Intertrade UK was established as part of a concession to the DUP.