Adian–Rabin theorem

In the mathematical subject of group theory, the Adian–Rabin theorem is a result that states that most "reasonable" properties of finitely presentable groups are algorithmically undecidable. The theorem is due to Sergei Adian (1955) and, independently, Michael O. Rabin (1958).

Markov property
A Markov property P of finitely presentable groups is one for which:


 * 1) P is an abstract property, that is, P is preserved under group isomorphism.
 * 2) There exists a finitely presentable group $$A_+ $$ with property P.
 * 3) There exists a finitely presentable group $$A_- $$ that cannot be embedded as a subgroup in any finitely presentable group with property P.

For example, being a finite group is a Markov property: We can take $$A_+ $$ to be the trivial group and we can take $$A_- $$ to be the infinite cyclic group $$\mathbb{Z}$$.

Precise statement of the Adian–Rabin theorem
In modern sources, the Adian–Rabin theorem is usually stated as follows:

Let P be a Markov property of finitely presentable groups. Then there does not exist an algorithm that, given a finite presentation $$G=\langle X \mid R\rangle$$, decides whether or not the group $$G$$ defined by this presentation has property P.

The word 'algorithm' here is used in the sense of recursion theory. More formally, the conclusion of the Adian–Rabin theorem means that set of all finite presentations
 * $$\langle x_1, x_2, x_3, \dots \mid R\rangle$$

(where $$x_1, x_2, x_3, \dots $$ is a fixed countably infinite alphabet, and $$R$$ is a finite set of relations in these generators and their inverses) defining groups with property P, is not a recursive set.

Historical notes
The statement of the Adian–Rabin theorem generalizes a similar earlier result for semigroups by Andrey Markov, Jr., proved by analogous methods. It was also in the semigroup context that Markov introduced the above notion that that group theorists came to call the Markov property of finitely presented groups. This Markov, a prominent Soviet logician, is not to be confused with his father, the famous Russian probabilist Andrey Markov after whom Markov chains and Markov processes are named.

According to Don Collins, the notion Markov property, as defined above, was introduced by William Boone in his Mathematical Reviews review of Rabin's 1958 paper containing Rabin's proof of the Adian–Rabin theorem.

Idea of the proof
In modern sources, the proof of the Adian–Rabin theorem proceeds by a reduction to the Novikov–Boone theorem via a clever use of amalgamated products and HNN extensions.

Let $$P$$ be a Markov property and let $$ A_+, A_-$$ be as in the definition of the Markov property above. Let $$G=\langle X \mid R\rangle$$ be a finitely presented group with undecidable word problem, whose existence is provided by the Novikov–Boone theorem.

The proof then produces a recursive procedure that, given a word $$ w$$ in the generators $$ X\cup X^{-1}$$ of $$ G$$, outputs a finitely presented group $$ G_w$$ such that if $$w=_G 1$$ then $$G_w$$ is isomorphic to $$A_+$$, and if $$w\ne_G 1$$ then $$G_w$$ contains $$A_-$$ as a subgroup. Thus $$ G_w$$ has property $$P$$ if and only if $$w=_G 1$$. Since it is undecidable whether $$w=_G 1$$, it follows that it is undecidable whether a finitely presented group has property $$P$$.

Applications
The following properties of finitely presented groups are Markov and therefore are algorithmically undecidable by the Adian–Rabin theorem:


 * 1) Being the trivial group.
 * 2) Being a finite group.
 * 3) Being an abelian group.
 * 4) Being a free group.
 * 5) Being a nilpotent group.
 * 6) Being a solvable group.
 * 7) Being a amenable group.
 * 8) Being a word-hyperbolic group.
 * 9) Being a torsion-free group.
 * 10) Being a polycyclic group.
 * 11) Being a group with a solvable word problem.
 * 12) Being a residually finite group.
 * 13) Being a group of finite cohomological dimension.
 * 14) Being an automatic group.
 * 15) Being a simple group. (One can take $$A_+$$ to be the trivial group and $$A_-$$ to be a finitely presented group with unsolvable word problem whose existence is provided by the Novikov-Boone theorem. Then Kuznetsov's theorem implies that $$A_-$$ does not embed into any finitely presentable simple group. Hence being a finitely presentable simple group is a Markov property.)
 * 16) Being a group of finite asymptotic dimension.
 * 17) Being a group admitting a uniform embedding into a Hilbert space.

Note that the Adian–Rabin theorem also implies that the complement of a Markov property in the class of finitely presentable groups is algorithmically undecidable. For example, the properties of being nontrivial, infinite, nonabelian, etc., for finitely presentable groups are undecidable. However, there do exist examples of interesting undecidable properties such that neither these properties nor their complements are Markov. Thus Collins (1969) proved that the property of being Hopfian is undecidable for finitely presentable groups, while neither being Hopfian nor being non-Hopfian are Markov.