Adyghe phonology

Adyghe is a language of the Northwest Caucasian family which, like the other Northwest Caucasian languages, is very rich in consonants, featuring many labialized and ejective consonants. Adyghe is phonologically more complex than Kabardian, having the retroflex consonants and their labialized forms.

Consonants
Adyghe exhibits a large number of consonants: between 50 and 60 consonants in the various Adyghe dialects. Below is the IPA phoneme chart of the consonant phonemes of Adyghe.


 * In the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (e.g. Shapsug and Natukhai) there exist a palatalized voiced velar stop, a palatalized voiceless velar stop and a palatalized velar ejective  that were merged with ,  and  in most Adyghe dialects.    For example, the Shapsug words "гьанэ"  "shirt", "кьэт"  "chicken" and "кӏьапсэ"   "rope" are pronounced in other dialects as "джанэ" , "чэт"  and "кӏапсэ".
 * The labialized retroflex consonants шъу and жъу  in the literary Temirgoy dialect are alveolo-palatal щу  and жьу  in the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (Shapsug and Natukhai).
 * In the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (e.g. Shapsug and Natukhai) there exist an alveolar ejective fricative that correspond to  in other Adyghe dialects. For example, the Shapsug words "сӏэ"  "name" and "псӏы"  "lie" are pronounced in other dialects as "цӏэ"  and "пцӏы".
 * The phoneme written Л л is pronounced as a voiced alveolar lateral fricative mostly by the Circassians of Adygea, but many Circassians in diaspora pronounce it as an alveolar lateral approximant.
 * In Adyghe, the palato-alveolar consonants ш, шӏ and шӏу  may be affricated to ч , чӏ  and чӏу  after the consonant с  or шъу . For example, the words:
 * сщагъ "I carried him to" → счагъ [sət͡ʃaːʁ]
 * сшӏагъ "I knew": → счӏагъ [sət͡ʂʼaːʁ]
 * сшӏэрэп "I don't know": → счӏэрэп [sət͡ʂʼɐrɐp]
 * сшӏошӏыгъ "I thought" → счӏошӏыгъ [sət͡ʂʷʼɐʃʼəʁ]
 * шъушӏагъ "you (pl.) knew" → шъучӏагъ [ʃʷt͡ʂʼaːʁ].


 * The first and second person prefixes с, т , п and шъу  may become voiced з , д , б  and жъу  before the consonant гъ . For example:
 * сгъэкӏуагъ "I made him go" → згъэкӏуагъ [zʁɐkʷʼaːʁ]
 * тгъэкӏуагъ "we made him go" → дгъэкӏуагъ [dʁɐkʷʼaːʁ]
 * пгъэкӏуагъ "you made him go" → бгъэкӏуагъ [bʁɐkʷʼaːʁ]
 * шъугъэкӏуагъ "you (pl.) made him go" → жъугъэкӏуагъ [ʒʷʁɐkʷʼaːʁ].


 * The phoneme $\langleф\rangle$ found in the Adyghe dialects correspond to [xʷ] $\langleху\rangle$ in Kabardian. For example:
 * тфы [tfə] "five" ↔ тху [txʷə]
 * фыжьы [fəʑə] "white" ↔ хужь [xʷəʑ]
 * цӏыфы [t͡sʼəfə] "person" ↔ цӏыху [t͡sʼəxʷ].


 * In many Adyghe dialects (e.g. Bzhedug, Shapsug, Natukhia and Abzakh) there exist [t͡ɕʷ] $\langleчъу\rangle$ that corresponds to standard Temirgoy [t͡sʷ] $\langleцу\rangle$. For example, the Temirgoy word цуакъэ [t͡sʷaːqɐ] is чъуакъэ [t͡ɕʷaːqɐ] in the other Adyghe dialects.
 * All dialects possess a contrast between plain and labialized glottal stops. A very unusual minimal contrast, and possibly unique to the Abzakh dialect of Adyghe, is a three-way contrast between plain, labialized and palatalized glottal stops.
 * The Black Sea dialect of Adyghe contains a very uncommon sound: a bidental fricative, which corresponds to the voiceless velar fricative found in other varieties of Adyghe.
 * The Hakuchi dialect of Adyghe contains uvular ejective and a labialized uvular ejective, which corresponds to the  and  in other dialects.

Vowels
In contrast to its large consonant inventory, Adyghe has only three phonemic vowels in a classic vertical vowel system. and have varying allophones, whereas  has a more limited set. Realization of vocalic allophones is based on the surrounding consonants.


 * Lax vowels are usually rounded to  between labialized consonants within the same syllable; fronted to  in the environment of coronal and palatalized consonants; and retracted to  in the environment of uvular, pharyngeal and glottal consonants. :16
 * When are surrounded by a plain and a posterior consonant, they are backed only in the CVC environment. :22

Stress
Stress in Adyghe is phonemic, in that it is unpredictable. The lexical stress tends to fall on one of two last syllables of the word stem. Longer words can also have multiple stress patterns, as in below: Orthography / Transliteration: чэлэцъикор / čʼălăcikor Stress 1:   чэлэ цъи кор / čʼălă ci kor Stress 2:   чэлэцъи кор / čʼălăci kor Stress 3:   чэ лэцъикор / čʼă lăcikor Stress 4:   чэ лэ цъи кор / čʼă lă ci kor Stress 5:   чэ лэцъи кор / čʼă lăci kor Blue : Primary stress Green : Secondary stress

However, the functional load of stress is extremely low, but yet there are pairs that differ optionally.