Asian Highway Network

The Asian Highway Network (AH), also known as the Great Asian Highway, is a cooperative project among countries in Asia and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to improve their connectivity via highway systems, funded by G77 Gold Standards. It is one of the three pillars of the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, endorsed by the ESCAP commission at its 48th session in 1992, comprising Asian Highway, Trans-Asian Railway (TAR) and facilitation of land transport projects.

Agreements have been signed by 32 countries to allow the highway to cross the continent and also reach to Europe. Some of the countries taking part in the highway project are India (Look-East connectivity projects), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, China, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal and Bangladesh. Most of the funding comes from the larger, more advanced Asian nations such as China, South Korea and Singapore as well as international agencies such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).

The project aims to make maximum use of the continent's existing highways to avoid the construction of newer ones, except in cases where missing routes necessitate their construction. Project Monitor, an Asian infrastructure news website, has commented that "early beneficiaries of the Asian Highway project are the planners within the national land transport department of the participating countries [since] it assists them in planning the most cost-effective and efficient routes to promote domestic and international trade. Non-coastal areas, which are often negligible, are the other beneficiaries."

However, in the mid-2000s some transportation experts were skeptical about the viability of the project given the economic and political climate in both South and Southeast Asia.

History
The AH project was initiated by the United Nations in 1959 with the aim of promoting the development of international road transport in the region. During the first phase of the project (1960–1970) considerable progress was achieved, however, progress slowed down when financial assistance was suspended in 1975.

ESCAP has conducted several projects in cooperation with AH member countries step by step after the endorsement of ALTID in 1992.

The Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network (IGA) was adopted on November 18, 2003, by the Intergovernmental Meeting; the IGA includes Annex I, which identifies 55 AH routes among 32 member countries totalling approximately 140,000 km (87,500 miles), and Annex II "Classification and Design Standards". During the 60th session of the ESCAP Commission at Shanghai, China, in April 2004, the IGA treaty was signed by 23 countries. By 2013, 29 countries had ratified the agreement.

In 2007, British drivers Richard Meredith and Phil Colley completed the first full East to West journey of the entire highway in an Aston Martin Vantage which was later sold to raise money for UNICEF. The drive was a marketing stunt promoted by the car manufcaturer

Implications
The advanced highway network would provide for greater trade and social interactions between Asian countries, including personal contacts, project capitalizations, connections of major container terminals with transportation points, and promotion of tourism via the new roadways. Infrastructure consultant Om Prakash noted that, "It's an excellent step taken by ESCAP to gather all the Asian countries under one crown but the problem with this project is political disputes between some countries, notably Pakistan and Myanmar, which is delaying the project."

Future development plans
Route AH1 is proposed to extend from Tokyo to the border with Bulgaria (EU) west of Istanbul and Edirne, passing through both Koreas, China and other countries in Southeast, Central and South Asia. The corridor is expected to improve trade links between East Asian countries, India and Russia. To complete the route, existing roads will be upgraded and new roads constructed to link the network. US$25 billion has been spent or committed with additional US$18 billion needed for upgrades and improvements to 26000 km of highway.

Numbering and signage
The project new highway route numbers begin with "AH", standing for "Asian Highway", followed by one, two or three digits. Single-digit route numbers from 1 to 9 are assigned to major Asian Highway routes which cross more than one subregion. Two- and three-digit route numbers are assigned to indicate the routes within subregions, including those connecting to neighbouring subregions, and self-contained highway routes within the participating countries. Route numbers are printed in the Latin script and Hindu-Arabic numerals and may simply be added to existing signage, like the E-road network.

The actual design of the signs has not been standardized, only that the letters and digits are in white or black, but the color, shape and size of the sign being completely flexible. Most examples feature a blue rectangular shield with a white inscription (similar to German Autobahn signage) with further examples of white on green and black on white rectangular shields.

AH1 to AH9: Continent-Wide Routes

 * Tabliczka AH1.svg – 20557 km: Tokyo, Japan – Bulgarian border, Turkey
 * Border of Bulgaria – Kapıkule – Istanbul – Gerede – Ankara – Sivas – Refahiye – Aşkale – Doğubayazıt – Gürbulak –
 * Bazargan – Ivughli – Tabriz – Qazvin – Tehran – Semnan – Damghan – Sabzevar – Neishabour-Mashhad – Dowqarun –
 * Islam Qala – Herat – Delaram – Kandahar – Kabul – Torkham –
 * Peshawar – Hassan Abdal – Rawalpindi (– Islamabad) – Lahore – Wagah –
 * Attari – New Delhi – Agra – Kanpur – Varanasi – Sasaram – Kolkata – Petrapole –
 * Benapole – Jashore – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
 * Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
 * Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Payagyi (– Yangon) – Myawaddy –
 * Mae Sot – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in (– Bangkok) – Hin Kong – Kabin Buri – Aranyaprathet –
 * Poipet – Phnom Penh – Bavet –
 * Mộc Bài – Ho Chi Minh City – Biên Hòa (– Vũng Tàu) – Nha Trang – Hội An – Da Nang – Huế – Đông Hà – Vinh – Hanoi – Đồng Đăng – Hữu Nghị –
 * Youyiguan – Nanning – Guangzhou (– Shenzhen – Hong Kong) – Xiangtan – Changsha – Wuhan – Xinyang – Zhengzhou – Shijiazhuang – Beijing – Shenyang – Dandong –
 * Sinuiju – Pyongyang – Kaesong –
 * Munsan – Seoul – Daejeon – Daegu – Gyeongju – Busan …
 * Fukuoka – Tokyo
 * Tabliczka AH2.svg – 13177 km: Denpasar, Indonesia – Khosravi, Iran
 * Khosravi – Hamadan – Saveh – Salafchegan (– Tehran) – Yazd – Anar – Kerman – Zahedan – Mirjaveh –
 * Taftan – Quetta – Rohri – Multan – Lahore – Wagah –
 * Attari – New Delhi – Rampur – Banbasa –
 * Bramhadev Mandi – Mahendranagar – Kohalpur – Narayangarh – Pathlaiya – Kakarbhitta –
 * Siliguri –
 * Banglabandha– Rangpur– Hatikumrul – Dhaka – Kachpur – Sylhet – Tamabil –
 * Dawki – Shillong – Jorabat (– Guwahati) – Nagaon – Dimapur – Chümoukedima – Kohima – Viswema – Imphal – Moreh –
 * Tamu – Mandalay – Meiktila – Kengtung – Tachilek –
 * Mae Sai – Chiang Rai – Tak – Nakhon Sawan – Bang Pa-in – Bangkok – Hat Yai – Sadao –
 * Bukit Kayu Hitam – Butterworth – Kuala Lumpur – Seremban – Johor Bahru –
 * Singapore – Sengkang
 * Jakarta (– Merak) – Cikampek (– Bandung) – Semarang – Surakarta – Surabaya – Denpasar
 * Tabliczka AH3.svg – 7331 km:
 * Northern section: Ulan-Ude, Russia – Tanggu, China
 * Ulan-Ude – Kyakhta –
 * Altanbulag – Darkhan – Ulaanbaatar – Nalaikh – Choir – Sainshand – Zamyn-Üüd –
 * Erenhot – Beijing – Tanggu
 * Southern section: Shanghai, China – Chiang Rai, Thailand
 * Shanghai – Hangzhou – Nanchang – Xiangtan – Guiyang – Kunming – Jinghong (– Daluo – Mong La – Keng Tung) – Mohan, Yunnan –
 * Boten – Nateuy – Houayxay –
 * Chiang Khong – Chiang Rai
 * Tabliczka AH4.svg – 6024 km: Novosibirsk, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan
 * Novosibirsk – Barnaul – Tashanta –
 * Ulaanbaishint – Khovd – Yarantai
 * Ürümqi – Kashgar – Honqiraf –
 * Khunjerab – Hassanabdal – Rawalpindi – Islamabad – Lahore – Multan – Rohri – Hyderabad – Karachi
 * Tabliczka AH5.svg – 10380 km: Shanghai, China – Bulgarian border, Turkey
 * Border of Bulgaria – Kapikule – Istanbul – Gerede – Merzifon – Samsun – Trabzon – Sarp –
 * Batumi – Poti – Senaki – (Port of Anaklia – Zugdidi bypass road – Samtredia) Khashuri – Mtskheta – Tbilisi –
 * Red Bridge – Qazax – Ganja – Gazi Mammed – Alat – Baku …
 * Turkmenbashi – Serdar – Ashgabat – Tejen – Mary – Turkmenabat – Farap –
 * Ələt – Bukhara – Navoi – Samarkand – Syrdaria – Tashkent – Chernyavka –
 * Chernyaevka – Shymkent – Merki –
 * Chaldovar – Kara Balta – Bishkek –
 * Kordai – Kaskelen – Almaty –
 * Khorgas – Jinghe – Kuytun – Ürümqi – Turpan – Lanzhou – Xi'an – Xinyang – Nanjing – Shanghai
 * Tabliczka AH6.svg – 10475 km: Busan, South Korea – Belarusian border, Russia
 * Border of Belarus – Krasnoye – Moscow – Samara – Ufa – Chelyabinsk – Petukhovo –
 * Chistoe – Petropavl – Karakoga –
 * Isilkul – Omsk – Novosibirsk – Krasnoyarsk – Irkutsk – Ulan-Ude – Chita – Zabaykalsk –
 * Manzhouli – Qiqihar – Harbin – Suifenhe –
 * Pogranichny – Ussuriysk – Razdolnoye (– Vladivostok – Nahodka) – Khasan –
 * Sonbong – Chongjin – Wonsan (– Pyongyang) –
 * Goseong – Ganseong – Gangneung – Gyeongju – Busan
 * Tabliczka AH7.svg – 5868 km: Yekaterinburg, Russia – Karachi, Pakistan
 * Yekaterinburg – Chelyabinsk – Troisk –
 * Kaerak – Kostanai – Astana – Karaganda – Burubaital – Merke –
 * Chaldovar – Kara-Balta – Osh –
 * Andijon – Tashkent – Syrdaria – Khavast –
 * Khujand – Dushanbe – Nizhniy Panj –
 * Shirkhan – Pol-e Khomri – Jabal Saraj – Kabul – Kandahar – Spin Boldak –
 * Chaman – Quetta – Kalat – Karachi
 * Tabliczka AH8.svg – 4907 km: Finnish border, Russia – Bandar Emam, Iran
 * Border of Finland – Torfyanovka – Vyborg – St. Petersburg – Moscow – Tambov – Borisoglebsk – Volgograd – Astrakhan – Khasavyurt – Mahachkala – Kazmalyarskiy –
 * Samur – Sumgayit – Baku – Alat – Bilasuvar – Astara –
 * Rasht – Qazvin – Tehran – Saveh – Ahvaz – Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
 * Tabliczka AH9.svg – 9,222 km (5,730 mi): St. Petersburg, Russia – Lianyungang, China
 * St. Petersburg – Moscow – Ulyanovsk – Toliatti – Samara – Orenburg – Sagarchin –
 * Zhaisan – Aktobe – Kyzylorda – Shymkent – Taraz – Almaty –
 * Khorgas – Urumqi – Lianyungang

AH10 to AH29: Southeast Asia Routes

 * Tabliczka AH11.svg – 1588 km: Vientiane, Laos – Sihanoukville, Cambodia
 * Vientiane – Ban Lao – Thakhek – Seno – Pakse – Veunkham – Tranpeangkreal –
 * Stung Treng – Kratie – Phnom Penh – Sihanoukville
 * Tabliczka AH12.svg – 1195 km: Nateuy, Laos – Hin Kong, Thailand
 * Nateuy – Oudomxai – Pakmong – Louang Phrabang – Vientiane – Thanaleng –
 * Nong Khai – Udon Thani – Khon Kaen – Nakhon Ratchasima – Hin Kong
 * Tabliczka AH13.svg – 1429 km: Hanoi, Vietnam – Nakhon Sawen, Thailand
 * Hanoi – Hoa Binh – Son La – Dien Bien – Tai Trang –
 * Pang Hok – Muang Khoua – Oudomxai – Muang Ngeun –
 * Huai Kon – Uttaradit – Phitsanulok – Nakhon Sawan
 * Tabliczka AH14.svg – 2077 km: Hai Phong, Vietnam – Mandalay, Myanmar
 * Hai Phong – Hanoi – Viet Tri – Lao Cai –
 * Hekou – Kunming – Ruili –
 * Muse – Lashio – Mandalay
 * Tabliczka AH15.svg – 566 km: Vinh, Vietnam – Udon Thani, Thailand
 * Vinh – Cau Treo –
 * Keoneau – Ban Lao – Thakhek –
 * Nakhon Phanom – Udon Thani
 * Tabliczka AH16.svg – 1032 km: Đông Hà, Vietnam – Tak, Thailand
 * Đông Hà – Lao Bao –
 * Densavanh – Seno – Savannakhet –
 * Mukdahan – Khon Kaen – Phitsanulok – Tak
 * Tabliczka AH17.svg – 980 km: Đà Nẵng, Vietnam – Vũng Tàu, Vietnam
 * Đà Nẵng – Kon Tum – Pleiku – Ho Chi Minh – Vũng Tàu
 * Tabliczka AH18.svg – 1042 km: Hat Yai, Thailand – Johor Bahru Causeway, Malaysia
 * Hat Yai – Sungai Kolok –
 * Rantau Panjang – Kota Bahru – Kuantan – Johor Bahru – Johor Bahru Causeway
 * Tabliczka AH19.svg – 459 km: Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand – Bangkok, Thailand
 * Nakhon Ratchasima – Kabin Buri – Laem Chabang – Chonburi – Bangkok
 * AH21 – length unknown: Qui Nhơn, Vietnam – Serei Saophoan, Cambodia
 * Quy Nhon port – Pleiku – Le Thanh –
 * O Yadav – Banlung – Stung Treng – Preah Vihear – Siem Reap – Serei Saophoan
 * Tabliczka AH25.svg Trans-Sumatran Highway (Eastern Route) – 2549 km: Banda Aceh, Indonesia – Merak, Indonesia
 * Banda Aceh – Medan – Tebingtinggi – Dumai – Pekanbaru – Jambi – Palembang – Tanjung Karang – Bakauheni … Merak
 * Tabliczka AH26.svg Pan-Philippine Highway – 3379.73 km: Laoag, Philippines – Zamboanga, Philippines
 * Laoag – Tuguegarao – Guiguinto – Quezon City (– Manila – Makati) – Makati – Calamba – Legazpi – Matnog … Allen – Tacloban (– Ormoc City … Cebu City) – Liloan … Surigao – Butuan – Davao (– Cagayan de Oro) – General Santos – Cotabato City – Zamboanga

AH100 to AH299: ASEAN Southeast Asia Routes
These routes were set up by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as part of an extension to the Asian Highway Network, known as the ASEAN Highway Network.

Distance by country or region
The planned network runs a total of 140479 km.