Caprinae

The subfamily Caprinae, also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini, is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine.

Prominent members include sheep and goats, with some other members referred to as goat antelopes. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid.

Characteristics


Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial (Ovis orientalis) occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon (Ovis gmelini gmelini) is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep (Ovis aries).

Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:
 * Five are classified as endangered,
 * Eight as vulnerable,
 * Seven as of concern and needing conservation measures, but at lower risk, and
 * Seven species are secure.

Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over 1 m long for a full-grown grey goral (Nemorhaedus goral), to almost 2.5 m long for a musk ox, and from under 30 kg to more than 350 kg. Musk oxen in captivity have reached over 650 kg.

The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.

The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew tso'n meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.

Evolution
The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region.

The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.

Internal relationships of Caprinae based on mitochondrial DNA.

Species
Phylogeny based on Hassanin et al., 2009 and Calamari, 2021.

Family Bovidae
 * Subfamily Caprinae or Tribe Caprini
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Tribe or subtribe ! Image ! Genus ! Species !rowspan="11" style="text-align:center;"| Caprini or Caprina (Blyth, 1840) Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005 Hodgson, 1850 Linnaeus, 1758 (Hodgson, 1841) Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005 Rafinesque, 1817 Linnaeus, 1758 Hodgson, 1846 Garsault, 1764 Bate, 1909 !rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Ovibovini or Ovibovina Ogilby, 1837 Hamilton Smith, 1827 Blainville, 1816 !rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Pantholopini or Pantholopina Hodgson, 1834
 * Barbary Sheep.png
 * align="center"|Ammotragus
 * Barbary sheep, Ammotragus lervia
 * Stuffed Arabian Tahr.jpg
 * align="center"| Arabitragus
 * Stuffed Arabian Tahr.jpg
 * align="center"| Arabitragus
 * Arabian tahr, Arabitragus jayakari
 * Takin01.jpg
 * align="center"| Budorcas
 * Takin01.jpg
 * align="center"| Budorcas
 * takin, Budorcas taxicolor
 * Walia ibex 2.jpg
 * align="center"| Capra
 * Walia ibex 2.jpg
 * align="center"| Capra
 * West Asian ibex, Capra aegagrus
 * bezoar ibex, Capra aegagrus aegagrus
 * Sindh ibex, Capra aegagrus blythi
 * west Caucasian tur, Capra caucasica
 * east Caucasian tur, Capra cylindricornis
 * markhor, Capra falconeri
 * domestic goat, Capra hircus
 * alpine ibex, Capra ibex
 * Nubian ibex, Capra nubiana
 * Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica
 * western Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica victoriae
 * southeastern Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica hispanica
 * †Portuguese ibex, Capra pyreneaica lusitanica
 * †Pyrenean ibex, Capra pyreneaica pyrenaica
 * Siberian ibex, Capra sibirica
 * Walia ibex, Capra walie
 * Himalayan Tahr of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuar.jpg
 * align="center"| Hemitragus
 * Himalayan Tahr of Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuar.jpg
 * align="center"| Hemitragus
 * Himalayan tahr, Hemitragus jemlahicus
 * Tahr.jpg
 * align="center"| Nilgiritragus
 * Tahr.jpg
 * align="center"| Nilgiritragus
 * Nilgiri tahr, Nilgiritragus hylocrius
 * Mountain Goat USFWS.jpg
 * align="center"| Oreamnos
 * Mountain Goat USFWS.jpg
 * align="center"| Oreamnos
 * mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus
 * New Mexico Bighorn Sheep.JPG
 * align="center"| Ovis
 * New Mexico Bighorn Sheep.JPG
 * align="center"| Ovis
 * argali, Ovis ammon
 * Marco Polo sheep, Ovis ammon polii
 * domestic sheep, Ovis aries
 * bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis
 * Dall sheep, Ovis dalli
 * mouflon, Ovis gmelini
 * snow sheep, Ovis nivicola
 * urial, Ovis vignei
 * 20170227 0510 HemisNP Bharal.jpg
 * align="center"| Pseudois
 * 20170227 0510 HemisNP Bharal.jpg
 * align="center"| Pseudois
 * bharal (Himalayan blue sheep), Pseudois nayaur
 * Gämse (Rupicapra rupicapra) Zoo Salzburg 2014 g-crop.jpg
 * align="center"| Rupicapra
 * Gämse (Rupicapra rupicapra) Zoo Salzburg 2014 g-crop.jpg
 * align="center"| Rupicapra
 * Pyrenean chamois, Rupicapra pyrenaica
 * alpine chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra
 * Sóller. Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals. Myotragus balearicus (cropped).jpg
 * align="center"| Myotragus
 * Sóller. Museu Balear de Ciències Naturals. Myotragus balearicus (cropped).jpg
 * align="center"| Myotragus
 * Myotragus balearicus
 * Myotragus balearicus
 * Nihonkamoshika-akita.JPG
 * align="center"| Capricornis
 * Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus
 * Chinese serow, Capricornis milneedwardsii
 * red serow, Capricornis rubidus
 * Sumatran serow, Capricornis sumatraensis
 * Taiwan serow, Capricornis swinhoei
 * Himalayan serow Capricornis thar
 * Goral Girardinia diversifolia AJTJ.jpg
 * align="center"| Nemorhaedus
 * Goral Girardinia diversifolia AJTJ.jpg
 * align="center"| Nemorhaedus
 * red goral, Nemorhaedus baileyi
 * long-tailed goral, Naemorhedus caudatus
 * gray goral, Nemorhaedus goral
 * Chinese goral, Nemorhaedus griseus
 * Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg
 * align="center"| Ovibos
 * Ovibos moschatus qtl3.jpg
 * align="center"| Ovibos
 * muskox, Ovibos moschatus
 * muskox, Ovibos moschatus
 * Antílope tibetano.jpg
 * align="center"| Pantholops
 * Tibetan antelope, Pantholops hodgsonii
 * }
 * }

Fossil genera
The following extinct genera of Caprinae have been identified:
 * Tribe Caprini
 * Genus Myotragus †
 * Myotragus balearicus†
 * Tribe Ovibovini
 * Genus Bootherium †
 * Bootherium bombifrons†
 * Genus Euceratherium †
 * Euceratherium collinum†
 * Genus Makapania †
 * Makapania broomi†
 * Genus Megalovis †
 * Genus Soergelia †
 * Soergelia mayfieldi†
 * Genus Tsaidamotherium †
 * Tsaidamotherium brevirostrum†
 * Tsaidamotherium hedini†


 * Unsorted


 * †Benicerus
 * †Boopsis
 * †Capraoryx
 * †Caprotragoides
 * †Criotherium
 * †Damalavus
 * †Gallogoral
 * †Lyrocerus
 * †Mesembriacerus
 * †Neotragocerus
 * †Nesogoral
 * †Norbertia
 * †Numidocapra
 * †Oioceros
 * †Olonbulukia
 * †Pachygazella
 * †Pachytragus
 * †Palaeoreas
 * †Palaeoryx
 * †Paraprotoryx
 * †Parapseudotragus
 * †Parurmiatherium
 * †Praeovibos
 * †Procamptoceras
 * †Prosinotragus
 * †Protoryx
 * †Protovis
 * †Pseudotragus
 * †Qurliqnoria
 * †Samotragus
 * †Sinocapra
 * †Sinomegoceros
 * †Sinopalaeoceros
 * †Sinotragus
 * †Sivacapra
 * †Sporadotragus
 * †Tethytragus
 * †Tossunnoria
 * †Turcocerus
 * †Urmiatherium