Moschidae

Moschidae is a family of pecoran even-toed ungulates, containing the musk deer (Moschus) and its extinct relatives. They are characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or ossicones, modest size (Moschus only reaches 37 lb; other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands. While various Oligocene and Miocene pecorans were previously assigned to this family, recent studies find that most should be assigned to their own clades, although further research would need to confirm these traits. As a result, Micromeryx, Hispanomeryx, and Moschus are the only undisputed moschid members, making them known from at least 18 Ma. The group was abundant across Eurasia and North America during the Miocene, but afterwards declined to only the extant genus Moschus by the early Pleistocene.

Taxonomy and classification
Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family Moschidae (musk deer) was sister to Cervidae. However, a 2003 phylogenetic study by Alexandre Hassanin (of National Museum of Natural History, France) and colleagues, based on mitochondrial and nuclear analyses, revealed that Moschidae and Bovidae form a clade sister to Cervidae. According to the study, Cervidae diverged from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago. The following cladogram is based on the 2003 study.

After Prothero (2007)

Family Moschidae • Micromeryx

• * Micromeryx styriacus

• * Micromeryx flourensianus

• * Micromeryx? eiselei - this species is a proposed member of genus Micromeryx

• Moschus

• * Moschus moschiferus

• * Moschus anhuiensis

• * Moschus berezovskii

• * Moschus fuscus

• * Moschus chrysogaster

• * Moschus cupreus

• * Moschus leucogaster

• Hispanomeryx

• * Hispanomeryx aragonensis

• * Hispanomeryx daamsi

• * Hispanomeryx duriensis

• * Hispanomeryx andrewsi

• Hydropotopsis (?)

• * Hydropotopsis lemanensis

• Oriomeryx (?)

• * Oriomeryx major

• * Oriomeryx willii

• Friburgomeryx (?)

• * Friburgomeryx wallenriedensis

• Bedenomeryx (?)

• * Bedenomeryx truyolsi

• * Bedenomeryx milloquensis

• * Bedenomeryx paulhiacensis

• Subfamily Blastomerycinae (?)

• * Pseudoblastomeryx

• ** Pseudoblastomeryx advena

• * Machaeromeryx

• ** Machaeromeryx tragulus

• * Longirostromeryx

• ** Longirostromeryx clarendonensis

• ** Longirostromeryx wellsi

• * Problastomeryx

• ** Problastomeryx primus

• * Parablastomeryx

• ** Parablastomeryx floridanus

• ** Parablastomeryx gregorii

• * Blastomeryx

• ** Blastomeryx gemmifer