Chennai International Airport

Chennai International Airport is an international airport serving the city of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located in Tirusulam in Chengalpattu district, around 21 km southwest of the city centre. The first air service was operated in 1915 and the airport was commissioned in 1930. The airport serves as the southern regional headquarters of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) for South India comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and the union territories of Lakshadweep, and Puducherry.

The airport is the fifth-busiest airport by passenger traffic and aircraft movements, and fourth busiest by cargo handled in India. It is also the third busiest airport by international traffic. In financial year 2023-24, the airport handled over 21 million passengers and 0.34 million tonnes of cargo. The airport offers connecting passenger flights to all six inhabited continents, and direct flights to three of them.

, the airport has three operating passenger terminals with terminals 1 and 4 handling domestic traffic and terminal 2 handling international operations respectively. Expansion of terminal 2 replacing the older terminal 3 and a new satellite terminal, are under construction. There is a dedicated air cargo complex operating out of the old passenger terminal at Meenambakkam. There are two asphalt runways. The airport serves as a hub for Blue Dart Aviation, and IndiGo and is a focus city for Air India and SpiceJet.

The airport is expected to reach saturation by 2035, with a peak capacity of 40 million passengers, and a new greenfield airport has been proposed. The airport is served by the airport metro station of the Chennai Metro and the Tirusulam railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway.

History
The aviation history of the city began in 1910, when a city-based Corsican hotelier Giacomo D'Angelis built a biplane powered by a with a small engine in association with Simpson's, a leading coach-builder in the city. He tested it at Island Grounds at Madras, making it the first powered flight in Asia. Further display of flying was done by a set of aviators including Baron de Caters and Jules Tyck in February 1911. J. W. Madley, a water works engineer, flew an aircraft assembled by him over the Red Hills reservoir and shot a couple of aerial photographs in 1914. In 1915, Tata Air Mail started an airmail service between Karachi and Madras marking the beginning of civil aviation in South India. In March 1930, a discussion initiated by pilot G. Vlasto led to the founding of Madras Flying Club.



Commissioned in 1930, Madras aerodrome was one of the first airports of India. On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a Puss Moth aircraft carrying air mail from Karachi to Bombay's Juhu Airstrip and the flight continued to Madras piloted by aviator Nevill Vintcent marking the first scheduled flight to land at the airport. Although the first aircraft landed in Madras airport in 1932 and commercial services were in operation, the airport was confined mostly to military operations during World War II, when it became the base of Royal Indian Air Force.



In 1952, the Civil Aviation Department took over the operations of the airport. The first passenger terminal was built in 1954 on the northeastern side of Meenambakkam, and the airport operated as a customs airport with limited international services. In 1972, the airport came under the purview Airports Authority of India (AAI). An Air cargo complex was commissioned on 1 February 1978, which was the second gateway air cargo terminal in the country after the one at Kolkata airport. In 1985, the passenger operations were shifted to the new domestic terminal built at Tirusulam. An international terminal was added in 1989 and the old terminal building was used for air cargo.



In November 1988, British Airways inaugurated scheduled services to London's Heathrow Airport commencing services to Europe with the airline flying nonstop with Boeing 747s from April 1991. On 23 September 1999, a handling centre for flowers, fruits and vegetables was commissioned at the air cargo terminal. In 2001, the airport received ISO 9001-2000 certification, becoming the first international airport in the country to obtain the same. A new international departure terminal was commissioned in 2003. In May 2005, Delta Air Lines commenced the first direct flights to the Americas connecting Chennai with New York City via Paris.

In 2008, the AAI started a major modernisation project. The plan consisted of constructing two new terminals (Terminal 1 and 4), renovation of the existing international terminal (Terminal 3) along with the extension of the secondary runway, construction of new taxiways, parking bays and fire station. In 2018, construction of a new integrated terminal (Terminal 2) commenced, with the flight operations starting on 7 July 2023.

Administration
Chennai Airport is owned and operated by Airports Authority of India and serves as the regional headquarters of the AAI for the southern region of India comprising the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, and the union territories of Lakshadweep, and Puducherry. It functions from the Air Traffic Control Complex within the airport. The airport is the centre of the southern flight information region (FIR), one of the four FIRs that the Indian air space is divided into and is responsible for the air traffic services over the Chennai FIR consisting of five southern states and two southern union territories and the oceanic air space of the southern part of the Bay of Bengal and the eastern part of the Arabian Sea.

The immigration services at the airport are handled by the Bureau of Immigration of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The airport is the home to the southern regional office of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), which is responsible for the security of flights. Security of the airport is provided by the Airport Sector (CISF), that includes a dog squad for identification of narcotics and bomb disposal.

In 2013, Government of India proposed to offer a contract to a private operator to operate the airport and AAI invited bids for the same. The plan did not materialise due to protest by airport employees against the move fearing job losses.

Runways
The airport has two runways — the 3661 m long primary runway 07/25 (Northeast – Southwest orientation) and the 2890 m long secondary runway 12/30 (Northwest – Southeast orientation). The runways are equipped with CAT-I Instrument Landing System (ILS) for IFR approach with Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) landing aids. An upgraded ILS was installed on runway 07/25 in 2017. As the airport is not equipped with a CAT-III landing system, which will enable operations in poor visibility conditions, disruptions in flight operations happen in poor weather conditions. In 2012, AAI acquired additional land to install new landing lights and upgrade the ILS.



The secondary runway (12/30) was closed in 2009 to extend it over the Adyar River by means of a bridge over the watercourse at a cost of inr 4300000000. The runway which was initially 2035 m long was planned to be extended to 3445 m. The expansion was completed in March 2011. The bridge over the Adyar river accommodated the runway and a taxiway, making Chennai airport the first international airport in India to have a runway across a river. The commissioning was delayed due to work on landing lights and VOR antenna. In February 2012, airport authorities announced that only about 2160 m of the secondary runway would be operational due to displacements at both ends and the runway which was earlier used by only smaller aircraft, would be able to accommodate narrow body aircraft.

The layout consists of a long taxiway (B) and a shorter taxiway (R) parallel to primary runway 07/25 and parallel taxiway (N) oriented along the secondary runway 12/30. Two taxiways (P and Q) linked the two runways. Apart from the primary taxiways, other secondary taxiways interconnect the runways, main taxiways and parking aprons. In January 2018, the airport began cross-runway operations to reduce flight delays. In May 2023, a rapid exit taxi way was added 1831 m from the threshold on the primary runway 07 and another taxi way linking the main apron. This reduced the runway occupancy time and helped with the plan to increase in flight handling capacity from 36 to 45 flights per hour.

Passenger terminals
The airport occupies an area of 1301 acre with the passenger terminals located in Tirusulam in Kanchipuram district. , the airport consists of three operational passenger terminals with Terminals 1 and 4 catering to domestic traffic and Terminal 2 handling international traffic. The new domestic terminal (Terminal 1) handles most domestic traffic and post the inauguration of the new integrated terminal (Terminal 2) in July 2023, international traffic moved to the new terminal and Terminal 4 was used to augment domestic traffic from November 2023. The power supply to the airport is provided by Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (TANGEDCO) through a 11,000 kV sub-station.



The domestic terminals (Terminal 1 and 4) have three levels with the departure area on the top level with an elevated corridor, which has approach and exit ramps. The arrivals section is on the ground level, which also serves as the base for airlines and other offices with the basement used for luggage handling. Terminal 1 covers 67700 m2, has seven gates, 52 check-in counters, and eight counters for e-ticketing and can handle 16 million passengers per annum. Terminal 4 which was originally built to handle international operations, covers an area of 59300 m2 and is capable of handling 7 million passengers per annum. Both the terminals are equipped with an in-line baggage handling system and security screening system with four departure conveyors of a length of 3500 m and can handle 1,200 baggage pieces per hour.
 * Terminals 1 and 4

The terminals are designed with two sustainable gardens with wing-like roofs and glass facades. Rainwater is harvested and used to sustain the gardens. There is 9000 m2 of space at the terminals, consisting of duty-free retail shops, restaurants, snack bars, and executive lounges. There have been more than 65 incidents of false ceiling collapses and breakage of glass windows reported from the terminals over the years.


 * Terminal 2

The new integrated terminal (Terminal 2) was planned to replace the older Terminals 2 and 3 which were situated between the Terminals 1 and 4. Part of the terminal commenced operations on 7 July 2023. The second phase of construction will involve the expansion of the existing terminal by 60000 m2, replacing the existing Terminal 3. The complete new terminal building will be spread over 197000 m2 and will have a handling capacity of 10 million passengers when completed. The terminal has 100 check-in counters, 11 automated tray retrieval systems, six self-bag drops and six baggage reclaim belts. It is equipped with a passenger flow monitoring system (PFMS) that helps in management of passenger operations.

The new terminal is designed with the inspiration from Tamil culture, with the building's exterior inspired from Dravidian Architecture of Hindu temples and the roof inspired from pleats of sari worn by Bharatanatyam dancers. The flooring and the false ceiling feature Kolam patterns and colourful murals. The outside of the terminal features a 1,730-kilogram Nachiarkoil lamp.

Cargo complex
The Air Cargo complex at the airport was established in 1978, with regulatory and facilitating agencies brought under one roof for faster processing/clearance of international cargo from the southern region. Following the construction of new passenger terminals at Tirusulam, the old passenger terminal at Meenambakkam serves as the air cargo complex. The Air cargo complex spread over an area of 19.6 acre is operated by AAI Cargo Logistics and Allied Services Company (AAICLAS), a subsidiary of AAI which functions as ground handling agency for airlines for handling or processing their cargo on ground and acts as custodian on behalf of customs import/export cargo under the customs act of 1962.

The cargo complex consists of two divisions, namely, the export and the import wings. The export facility covers an area of 20595 m2 and the import facility is spread across 20096 m2 of area. The cargo complex is equipped with Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) for efficient storage and easy retrieval of cargo and operates fully mechanised Elevated Transfer Vehicles (ETV) for faster and easier cargo loading and unloading. The complex also has temperature-controlled cold storage for perishable cargo, and secured storage rooms for high value cargo. Limitations in terms of number of flights that can be handled and congestion are concerns with respect to cargo operations at the airport.

Parking bays
The airport has 90 parking bays including 18 in-contact bays connected to the passenger terminals. The main apron (A) located to the south of the primary runway and the parallel taxiway B accommodates 33 parking bays including 11 parking bays that can accommodate wide body aircraft. Two aprons (Aprons II and III) are located between the two runways. Apron II can park 36 narrow-body aircraft and Apron III can accommodate 12 wide-body aircraft including one parking bay that can park an Airbus A380.

A remote apron (Apron I) located to the east of the secondary runway can accommodate a further eight narrow body jets. A smaller apron (T) located towards the east end of the secondary runway has three parking bays. An apron (B) located to the east of the Air cargo complex caters to cargo operations has 10 parking bays with three of them accommodating wide body aircraft.

Air traffic control
The Air traffic control tower is located at the Air Traffic Services Complex and is equipped with advanced surface movement guidance and control system. An automated smart flight guidance system was installed in October 2011 at a cost of inr 420000000. The automated system combines information from tower control, approach control, area control and oceanic control electronically and improved reliability. There are two radars, a secondary surveillance radar and a terminal radar. As the airport controls one of the four flight information regions in the country, other radar systems in the region are integrated with the ATC at Chennai.

Other facilities
The old parking lot at the airport accommodated 1,200 cars. In June 2018, a six-level car park with a capacity to accommodate 2,237 cars was planned in front of the airport on a 4.25-acre plot. Construction began in March 2019, was completed in December 2021 and opened in 2022. In addition, a 250000 ft2 mall named Aerohub was built. The mall has a 238100 ft2 cinema multiplex and a 35678 ft2 59-key transit hotel facility.



In 2008, a 6503 m2 maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) hangar was established at a cost of inr 111500000. The facility can handle one large or two smaller aircraft and functions as a repair shop and assembly area. It is equipped with an engineering and training facility and an engineering maintenance conference room.
 * Maintenance hangar

Fire and rescue services at the airport are provided by Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services in conjunction with AAI.
 * Fire and rescue

TajSATS, a joint-venture of the Indian Hotels Company and SATS (formerly known as Singapore Airport Terminal Services) provides in-flight catering at Chennai Airport. It also manages airport lounges. The Taj Madras Flight Kitchen, a joint-venture of the Indian Hotels, SATS and Malaysia Airlines started in 1994, operates restaurants at the airport.
 * Kitchen and caterers

Future plans
As a part of expansion plan unveiled in 2018, a new integrated terminal and a satellite terminal were planned to increase the terminal area to 160000 m2 with a capacity of 35 million passengers, up from the existing capacity of 18 million. The satellite terminal near the secondary runway would be connected by a 1.5 km long tunnel to the main buildings at a cost of inr 7000000000. With part of the integrated terminal opening in May 2023, the old terminal 3 is planned to be demolished to extend the new integrated terminal (Terminal 2). In January 2024, AAI also announced plans to construct 11 new rapid taxi-ways to improve aircraft handling. There are plans to construct a new ATC complex and an integrated cargo handling terminal to increase the capacity to 0.3 million tonnes per annum.

Greenfield airport
The existing airport is expected to reach saturation by 2035, with a peak capacity of 40 million passengers. In 2012, a second airport for the city was planned on 5000 acre land at Sriperumbudur with four-runways at an estimated cost of inr 35000000000. The new airport would accommodate 40 million passengers annually. In September 2019, the state government shortlisted six other locations for the airport. In August 2022, the state government selected Parandur in Kanchipuram district as location for the new greenfield airport. The new greenfield airport would come up on 4970 acre of land.

Passenger

 * Notes

Connectivity
The airport is situated on the Grand Southern Trunk Road (National Highway 32) with a flyover at the entrance of the airport separating traffic. Public bus transport is handled by Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) of the state-run Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC). The airport is served by several taxi and rental car companies. In addition, ride-sharing companies Ola Cabs and Uber operate outside the terminal.

The airport is served by Tirusulam railway station on the Suburban railway network. The airport metro station of the Chennai Metro connects the airport. Shuttle services between the metro station and the terminals are provided for the passengers. The concourse of the metro station is directly linked to the passenger terminals. The Tirusulam suburban train station is also integrated with the metro station and the airport.

Awards
The airport was ranked in the third place as the Best Airport by Size in the category of 15-25 million passengers per annum by Airports Council International in 2017. It was awarded as the Best Tourist Friendly Airport by Tamil Nadu Tourism from the Ministry of Tourism two consecutive times, in 2016 and 2018. It was awarded the Gold Award by the survey of RoSPA Health and Safety Awards for ensuring proper hygienic conditions and safety from accidents and incidents, as well as the Sword of Honour by the British Safety Council for ensuring safety and security, both for the airport's Phase-II of modernisation, in 2020. It was ranked in the eighth place among the most punctual airports in the world, globally, by ensuring timely takeoffs and landings to and from the airport, in 2021 by Cirium, an aviation data analytics company.

Accidents and Incidents

 * On 7 January 1974, an Antonov AN-12 of the Indian Air Force crashed on take-off at the airport due to engine failure. There were no fatalities but the aircraft was damaged beyond recovery.
 * On 26 April 1979, a Boeing 737-200 operated by Indian Airlines (registration VT-ECR) from Trivandrum had a mid-air explosion during descent. The aircraft crash landed more than 2500 ft beyond the runway threshold. There were 14 injuries and no fatalities but the aircraft was destroyed due to subsequent fire.
 * In August 1984, a bomb blast near the airport killed 33 people and injured 27 others. The entire concourse was razed down and had to be rebuilt.
 * On 29 September 1986, Indian Airlines flight IC 571, an Airbus A300 (registration VT-ELV), on a flight from Madras to Mumbai, aborted take-off due to a bird-strike and suffered a runway excursion. No fatalities were reported but the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.
 * On 5 March 1999, Air France flight 6745, an ex-UTA Boeing 747-2B3F freighter (registration F-GPAN) from Paris crash-landed and caught fire. The five crew members were rescued by the airport fire service, before the aircraft burned out.
 * On 15 June 2007, a British Aerospace ATP freighter (registration VT-FFB) operated by First Flight Couriers crash landed at the airport due to landing gear collapse and the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.

2015 Chennai floods
In December 2015, unprecedented rainfall associated with India's North-east monsoon caused extensive flooding of the airport tarmac and runways. The airport was closed for a week to all traffic from 1 to 6 December. About 1,500 passengers and 2,000 airport workers were evacuated as water entered terminal buildings and 30-35 aircraft were stranded on the apron. Military authorities permitted the use of Naval Air Station INS Rajali in Arakkonam, 70 km west of central Chennai and Tambaram Air Force Station 20 km south as relief airports for a limited service of civilian commercial flights as well as official rescue/assistance flights. The Indian Air Force evacuated passengers from Chennai airport to the two military bases for onward journeys on Air Force transport aircraft to other domestic destinations. On 5 December, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation permitted a partial re-opening of the airport during daylight hours under visual meteorological conditions only, allowing airlines to ferry stranded aircraft without passengers or cargo on board. Operations under instrument meteorological conditions were not permitted and rescue and assistance flights, were permitted to operate in and out of the airport from 6 December.