Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions

In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as 天 (, "Heaven") and 上帝 (, "Highest Deity" or "Highest Emperor").

These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as:
 * (皇天上帝;, "Emperor" + ) or (玄天上帝; , "Deep" + )
 * (, "Highest Heaven")
 * (, "Hall of Heaven").

The compounds ( +, meaning "heavenly god") and  (, meaning "heavenly immortal") have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic sense. The word by itself has likewise been used for God.

When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology.

General uses
Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage.

Nestorian Christianity
The earliest introduction of documented Christian religion appears to be (景教, literally, "bright teaching") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was (真主, literally  "Veritable Majesty," "True Lord," or "Lord of Truth."). In a hymn supposed to be composed by Lü Dongbin, the Christian God is denominated by the term (天主, literally, "Lord of Heaven"), 800 years before Matteo Ricci and his companions.

Islam
Islam has enjoyed a long history in China. For Chinese Muslims, the principal term for God is also (真主) but transliterations of the Arabic  also exist as  (阿拉), and as  (安拉;, "Peace" + , "Help"). The term (胡大), from the Persian term for God,, is seen more often in north-western China.

Catholicism
The earliest documented Chinese Roman Catholic church was founded in China in about 1289. The Roman Catholic Church historically favored (天主, literally "Heavenly Lord" or "Lord of Heaven"), and so "Catholicism" is most commonly rendered  (天主教;  +, "teach"), although among Chinese Catholics the literal translation of "catholic",  (公教; , "universal" + ), is also used. Korean and Vietnamese Catholics also use cognates of the term for God. This appears to have been used by the Catholic Church to separate Confucian traditions, which were reported to worship spirits and therefore were incompatible with the exclusive biblical worship of God. Ironically, although versions of popular Confucianism became strongly associated with idol worship, traditionalists, notably the Kangxi Emperor, did not believe that such idolization accurately reflected Confucius's intent; Matteo Ricci also considered Confucius to be a philosopher rather than the founder of a religion.

Protestantism
The earliest Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, arrived there in 1807. Before this time, Bibles were not printed for distribution. Protestantism is colloquially referred to as  (基督教, meaning "religion of Christ") but this term can sometimes refer to all Christians, so  (新教, literally, "new religion") is also used to distinguish Protestants as a group separate from Roman Catholics. Their translators, coming to China later and separately, chose to use the older terminology, apparently believing was a valid or preferable representation of the "Most High God".

Translations
A number of terms for "God" exist in the Christian Bible. For example, the first occurrence of a term for God in the Bible is in Genesis 1:1 and is rendered in the English as "God". However, many other titles (such as – usually capitalized, as a replacement for the tetragrammaton – Almighty, etc.) are also used.

God
The term used commonly in Protestant Chinese bibles for God is (神). This term is much more generic, meaning god, God, spirit, or soul. This probably appeals to groups who are not committed to interpreting the term as a historical or spiritual equivalent to the "God Most High" of the Bible. The issue has remained controversial for over a century and Protestant organizations have published two versions of the Bible, using the two different words.

Tetragrammaton
In addition, the Tetragrammaton, a four letter pronunciation of the name of God from the original Hebrew, often rendered as "YHWH", is rendered in different ways. Catholics have translated this into (雅威, literally "Elegant Powerful," cf. English "Yahweh"). Protestants originally rendered it as (爺火華, literally "(old) Gentleman of Fiery Magnificence," cf. English "Jehovah"). A modern Protestant usage is (耶和華, a phonetic translation). Some versions translate this term as (上主, literally "Lord Above"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized "" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans particularly use in prayers of the Eucharist.

Lord
The term (主, literally "Lord") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in less formal prayers, and usually by contemporary Protestants.

Other less formal terms are used, for example, (天父, literally "Heavenly Father").