Constitution of Mongolia

The current Constitution of Mongolia (Монгол Улсын Үндсэн Хууль, lit. 'Fundamental Law of Mongolia') was adopted on 13 January 1992, put into force on 12 February, with amendments made in 1999, 2000, 2019 and 2023. The constitution established a representative democracy in Mongolia, enshrining core functions of the government, including the separation of powers and election cycle, and guaranteeing human rights including freedom of religion, travel, expression, private property. The document was written after the Mongolian Revolution of 1990, effectively dissolving the Mongolian People's Republic.

It consists of a preamble followed by six chapters divided into seventy articles. It is heavily inspired by Western liberal democracies, evident in its protection of minority rights, freedom of expression and assembly and multi-party parliamentary system.

Constitutional history
The first codified constitution was introduced in 1924 with the creation of the People's Republic of Mongolia, with revision made in 1940 and in 1960.

Contents
Chapter one declares the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the state, defines the relationship between religion and state, and defines Mongolian emblem, flag and anthem. Chapter two specifies the civil, political and inalienable rights of the individual: freedom of speech, of religion, of expression, of the press, the right to vote, equality before the law, the right to government-provided health care, education and intellectual property. It also lists duties of the citizen, including paying taxes and serving in the armed forces. While chapter three defines the structure of the legal system, the form of the republic, and the structure of the government, chapter four codifies the administrative districts of Mongolia and describes the relationship between national and local government. Chapter five establishes a Constitutional Court to make rulings on the interpretation of the constitution, while chapter six describes the amendment process for changing it.

Amendments of 2019
In 2019, Mongolia amended its constitution strengthening the powers of the prime minister in a bid to end years of political instability and economic stagnation. With the amendments, presidential term was also shortened to a single 6-year term. The amendments in the constitution were supposed to enhance the economic opportunities of the Mongolian citizenry and give them better control over how the country's vast natural resources and the revenues earned from them are maintained. Furthermore, the amendments increased the independence of the judiciary by stripping the president of his power to appoint judges in key posts, and establish parliamentary rather than executive oversight over judicial matters. The amendments featured vigorous participation of ordinary people as well as incumbent politicians. Proportional representation as a system to elect lawmakers were rejected, though the constitutional changes guaranteed that election laws are not changed a year before polls are held.

Amendments of 2022
In 2022, lawmakers started to discuss a potential revision of the constitution to strengthen democracy while touting the virtues of the Westminster system.

Amendments of 2023
On May 31, 2023, a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system to reintroducing proportional party voting was introduced.