Eurovision Song Contest 1975

The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was the 20th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 22 March 1975 in the Sankt Eriks-Mässan in Stockholm, Sweden. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR), and presented by Karin Falck, the contest was held in Sweden following the country's victory at the with the song "Waterloo" by ABBA.

Nineteen countries were represented at the contest – a new record number of participants. made its first entry, and and  returned after a one- and two-year absence, respectively. , after participating for the first time in the previous year's event, opted not to participate in 1975.

A new voting system was introduced at this contest; each country gave 12 points to its favourite, 10 points to its second favourite, and then 8 points to 1 point to other countries in descending order of preference. This numerical order of points awarded has since been used at every subsequent event.

The winner was the with the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Dick Bakker, written by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by the group Teach-In. This was the Netherlands' fourth contest victory, matching the record number of contest wins previously set by France and. Having been the opening song of the contest, it was also the first time that a country had won from first position in the running order. The, , France and Luxembourg rounded out the top five positions, with the UK achieving a record-extending ninth second-place finish.

Location
The 1975 contest took place in Stockholm, Sweden, following the country's victory at the with the song "Waterloo" performed by ABBA. It was the first time that Sweden had hosted the event. The chosen venue was the Sankt Eriks-Mässan, an exhibition centre in the Älvsjö district in southern Stockholm opened in 1971; in 1976 the venue was renamed to Stockholmsmässan.

The Swedish broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR) had initially been reluctant to stage the event, mainly due to the high costs that came with it which would have been placed on the organisation. There had also been considerable pressure and disquiet from left-wing groups in the country that initially opposed the amount of money being spent by the public broadcaster on a commercial event, which subsequently developed into a wider protest against the general commercialisation of music in Sweden; this led to street protests and a counter-festival, Alternativfestivalen (the Alternative Festival), being held during the week of Eurovision 1975.

SR had attempted to negotiate with the European Broadcasting Union and other participating broadcasters to enact a form of cost-sharing to fund the event, however a solution failed to materialise prior to the contest and SR was ultimately faced with funding the contest alone. These discussions, however, did eventually lead to the introduction of a new financing system for and future event, with the running costs of the event being split across all participating countries. Fears of the potential costs required to host the event should Sweden have won again, coupled with the pressure from left-wing groups, however meant that SR ultimately decided not to participate in the 1976 event.

Participating countries
A total of nineteen countries participated in the 1975 contest – a new record number of participants. This included the first ever appearance of, and entries from and , which last participated in  and , respectively. Broadcasters in, which participated for the first time in , and , last seen in the contest in 1972, had also considered participating in the contest, however no entries from these countries were ultimately submitted; Greece had reportedly decided against participating at a late stage, and may have opted to refuse to compete alongside Turkey following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

Ellen Nikolaysen competed in the contest for for a second time, having previously participated in 1973 as a member of the Bendik Singers. Additionally, John Farrar, a member of the Shadows representing the, had previously supported Cliff Richard at the 1973 contest as a backing vocalist.

Production and format
The Eurovision Song Contest 1975 was produced by the Swedish public broadcaster Sveriges Radio (SR). Roland Eiworth served as executive producer, Bo Billtén served as producer and director, Bo-Ruben Hedwall served as designer, and Mats Olsson served as musical director, leading the orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration. As in 1973 and 1974, artists were able to perform in any language, and not necessarily that of the country their represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.

Rehearsals in the contest venue for the competing began on Wednesday 19 March, with each participating act having a 50-minute slot on stage to perform through their entry with the orchestra; the first rehearsals for all countries were held over two days on 19 and 20 March and were conducted without their stage costumes. A second round of rehearsals, this time in costume, was held for all acts on 21 March, with each country given 20 minutes on stage; this was followed that evening by a complete run-through of the whole show, including dummy voting. Technical rehearsals were held on the morning of 22 March, and a second full dress rehearsal was held that afternoon ahead of the live contest. Some of the participating acts performed their songs in a different language at the dress rehearsals, which were also heard by the juries, and in the live contest; specifically, the Yugoslav and Portuguese acts performed their entries in English in the dress rehearsal, and then in Slovene and Portuguese in the final, respectively. The Dutch entrants were given an additional rehearsal shortly before the live transmission; this was requested by Dick Bakker, the composer of the Dutch song, who felt that during the general rehearsals the sound qualify was noticeably poorer during their entry, the first to perform each time, and that the sound technicians needed time to fix their equipment, which was generally done during their rehearsal slot.

There was a tight security situation at the venue in the run-up to, and during, the event;  the Swedish Security Service (SÄPO) had received intelligence reports that the contest may become a target of the West German far-left militant group the Red Army Faction (RAF). The threat to the contest did not ultimately materialise, however one month after the event the RAF targeted the West German embassy in Stockholm.

Voting procedure
Following the abandoned attempt at introducing a new voting system at the previous year's event, plans for a new system to replace both the system used between 1971 and 1973 and that used in 1974 came to fruition in autumn 1974. A sub-group, comprising individuals from Germany's ARD, Sweden's SR, and Finland's YLE, was set-up, and various new voting systems were proposed: ARD suggested that each country should identify its top nine entries and award points ranging between 1 and 10, while YLE proposed a scoring system to award points to eight countries, with the favourite of each country given 14 points, then 10, 7 and 5–1. The Finnish broadcaster also proposed as an compromise awarding to nine countries 10 and 8–1 points. Based on the above ideas, the United Kingdom's BBC proposed the 12, 10 and 8–1 pattern which was later adopted for this contest, and which had been used in all subsequent editions.

Each country had a jury of eleven members ranging from ages 16 to 60, with a recommendation that there should be a balance between the sexes and that half should be under 25 years old. Each jury members awarded each song a score between one and five immediately after it had been performed, with no abstentions allowed and without voting for the country they represented. The song which gained the most votes received 12 points, followed by 10 points to the song which got the second highest number of votes, and then between 8 and 1 points for the third- to tenth-placed songs. Ties for any of the positions would be decided by a show of hands. The order of presenting the points by each country's spokesperson was done in performance order; it would not be until that the points would be awarded in ascending order, starting at 1 point and finishing with 12 points.

Contest overview
The contest was held on 22 March 1975, beginning at 21:00 (CET) and lasting 2 hours and 12 minutes. The contest was presented by the Swedish television presenter, producer and director Karin Falck. Following the confirmation of the nineteen participating countries, a draw was held in Geneva on 24 January 1975 to determine the running order (R/O) of the contest.

The contest was opened by a film montage portraying various cultural stereotypes of Sweden and the Swedish people. Each entry was preceded by a video postcard, which served as an introduction to that country's entry and to create a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage; the postcards showed each country's entrant backstage painting a portrait of themselves and the flag of their nation onto a blank canvas. The interval act was entitled "The World of John Bauer" (John Bauers värld), comprising a montage of examples of the Swedish illustrator's work, particularly from his anthology Among Gnomes and Trolls, set to music from the orchestra. The medallions awarded to the winning songwriters were presented by the Secretary-General of the European Broadcasting Union Henrik Hahr.

The winner was the represented by the song "Ding-a-dong", composed by Dick Bakker, written by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens, and performed by Teach-In. It was the Netherlands' fourth contest win, following victories in, and ; the Netherlands thus joined  and  as the countries with the most contest wins at that point. It was additionally the first time that the song which was performed first had gone on to win the contest. The United Kingdom came second for a record-extending ninth time, and Malta, which had come last in its two previous contest appearances, achieved their best result to date with a twelfth-place finish. Turkey, meanwhile, finished in last place on its debut appearance.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. Known spokespersons at the 1975 contest are listed below.


 * – José María Íñigo
 * – Sven Lindahl
 * – Ray Moore

Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in performance order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below, with voting countries listed in the order in which they presented their votes.

12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. The Netherlands received the maximum score of 12 points from six of the voting countries, with the United Kingdom receiving four sets of 12 points, Finland and France each receiving two sets of maximum scores, and Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Switzerland receiving one maximum score each.

Broadcasts
Broadcasters competing in the event were required to relay the contest via its networks; non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest. Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.

In addition to the participating nations, the contest was also reportedly aired, live or deferred, by broadcasters in Eastern European countries via Intervision, in countries bounding the Mediterranean Sea, and in Hong Kong, Iceland, Japan, Jordan and South Korea. The contest was reported to have had a possible maximum audience of over 700 million people.

A planned broadcast in Chile by its public broadcaster Televisión Nacional de Chile was prevented by Sveriges Radio, following pressure from the Swedish Musicians' Union in opposition to the Chilean military dictatorship. Rolf Rembe, spokesman for the union, said that broadcasting the festival to Chile "would give the impression that relations between Chile and world artists are normal".

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.