Freedom Caucus

The Freedom Caucus, also known as the House Freedom Caucus, is a congressional caucus consisting of Republican members of the United States House of Representatives. It is generally considered to be the most conservative and furthest-right bloc within the chamber. The caucus was formed in January 2015 by a group of conservatives and Tea Party movement members, with the aim of pushing the Republican leadership to the right. Its first chairman, Jim Jordan, described the caucus as a "smaller, more cohesive, more agile and more active" group of conservative representatives. Members of the Freedom Caucus are typically considered a part of the MAGA movement and loyalists to Donald Trump.

The caucus is positioned right-wing to far-right on the political spectrum.The Freedom Caucus has been widely described as right-wing:  The group takes hardline conservative positions and favors social conservatism and small government,  along with right-wing populist beliefs  such as opposition to immigration reform. The group sought dozens of times to repeal the Affordable Care Act. Established as a more conservative alternative to the Republican Study Committee, the group initially emphasized fiscal conservatism and concerns about House rules, favoring budget cuts and a decentralization of power within the House of Representatives.

After the election of Donald Trump, it became what Politico described as "more populist and nationalist, but less bound by policy principles." The caucus has included some members who are libertarians. The caucus supports House candidates through its PAC, the House Freedom Fund. The caucus also has official affiliated caucuses in state legislatures through the State Freedom Caucus Network.

History
The caucus originated during the mid–January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey, Pennsylvania. According to founding member Mick Mulvaney, "that was the first time we got together and decided we were a group, and not just a bunch of pissed-off guys". Nine conservative Republican members of the House began planning a new congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference. The founding members who constituted the first board of directors for the new caucus were Republican representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey, Jim Jordan of Ohio, John Fleming of Louisiana, Matt Salmon of Arizona, Justin Amash of Michigan, Raúl Labrador of Idaho, Mulvaney of South Carolina, Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina.

At the retreat in Pennsylvania, the group settled on the name Freedom Caucus. Mick Mulvaney told Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker, "We had twenty names, and all of them were terrible. None of us liked the Freedom Caucus, either, but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it." According to Lizza, "one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus."

During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015, the caucus offered four plans for resolution, but all were rejected by the Republican leadership. One of the caucus leaders, Raúl Labrador, said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support.

Opposition to Speaker of the House John Boehner
The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition to John Boehner as Speaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart him on legislation that the group opposed.

The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25, 2015, and the ensuing leadership battle for the new speaker. Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished, accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments. Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of conservative members of the Republican Party in the House, and he sparred with those House Republicans in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act. These Republicans later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus in 2015.

After Boehner resigned as speaker, Kevin McCarthy, the House majority leader, was initially the lead contender to succeed him, but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support. However, McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8, 2015, after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation's purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton. On the same day as McCarthy's withdrawal, Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race.

On October 20, 2015, Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus. While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement, on October 21, 2015, it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan. On October 29, 2015, Ryan succeeded Boehner as the speaker of the House.

On October 30, 2017, Vanity Fair published an interview with Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They're anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."

Backlash in 2016
The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle. One of its members, Congressman Tim Huelskamp, a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas's first district, was defeated during a primary election on August 2, 2016, by Roger Marshall.

During Trump administration
Following the election of Donald Trump, Mulvaney said, "Trump wants to turn Washington upside down – that was his first message and his winning message. We want the exact same thing. To the extent that he's got to convince Republicans to change Washington, we're there to help him ... and I think that makes us Donald Trump's best allies in the House." Freedom Caucus vice chair Jim Jordan said that during the Trump administration, the Freedom Caucus shifted focus from passing legislation to defending the President.

Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017
On March 24, 2017, the American Health Care Act (AHCA), the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act, was withdrawn by Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass, due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act.

Two days later, President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups, such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action, that opposed the bill. Trump tweeted: "Democrats are smiling in D.C. that the Freedom Caucus, with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage, have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare!" On the same day, Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus. On March 30, 2017, Trump "declared war" on the Freedom Caucus, sending a tweet urging Republicans to "fight them" in the 2018 midterm elections "if they don't get on the team" (i.e., support Trump's proposals). Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of "succumb[ing] to the D.C. Establishment."

Trump later developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair, Mark Meadows. In April 2018, Trump described three caucus members – Meadows, Jim Jordan, and Ron DeSantis – as "absolute warriors" for their defense of him during the course of the Special Counsel investigation.

During first impeachment of Trump
In May 2019, the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members, Justin Amash, after he called for the impeachment of President Trump over the Trump–Ukraine scandal. Amash, an outspoken libertarian, announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus; later the same year, he left the Republican Party and joined the Libertarian Party.

During the impeachment inquiry against Trump, and subsequent first impeachment of Trump, the caucus emerged as a chief defender of Trump during the proceedings.

Meadows's appointment as WH chief of staff and Liz Cheney criticism
In March 2020, former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed as White House chief of staff, replacing Mick Mulvaney, who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus.

Freedom Caucus members have called on Liz Cheney to resign as Chair of the House Republican Conference, because of her vocal criticism of Trump's foreign policy, response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and use of social media, leading to her firing May 12, 2021, and replacement by Elise Stefanik two days later.

2020 National Defense Authorization Act
In December 2020, the caucus sided with Donald Trump and opposed the NDAA on the grounds that it did not include a provision to repeal Section 230.

Role in attempting to overturn 2020 election and opposition to second Trump impeachment
After Trump lost his bid for reelection in November 2020, many members of the Freedom Caucus supported Trump's attempt to overturn the election results. In early December 2020, amid pressure from Trump on congressional Republicans to help him subvert the election outcome, two dozen House Republicans, including many Freedom Caucus members, sent a letter to Trump asking him to order his Attorney General, William P. Barr, to appoint a Justice Department special counsel to investigate supposed election "irregularities", even though Barr had previously acknowledged that there was no evidence justifying such a step. Several Freedom Caucus members met with officials at Trump's White House in December 2020, discussing ways to overturn the election results during the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count. Most Freedom Caucus members objected to the counting of the electoral votes that formalized Trump's defeat. During the second impeachment of Donald Trump for incitement of insurrection, Freedom Caucus leadership and members demanded that Representative Liz Cheney, one of 10 Republicans who voted in favor of impeachment, resign from her role as chairwoman of the House Republican Conference.

America First Caucus and MAGA Squad
In April 2021, a faction within the Freedom Caucus, led by Paul Gosar and Marjorie Taylor Greene, attempted to form a new splinter group called the "America First Caucus," along with Matt Gaetz. Senior members of the Freedom Caucus reportedly reacted with "fury" to the proposal, with Ken Buck publicly denouncing it. The new caucus was later scrapped.

Later, a faction emerged of Trump loyalists within the Freedom Caucus known as the 'MAGA Squad', which included Gosar, Greene, Gaetz, Madison Cawthorn, Louie Gohmert, Mo Brooks, Andy Biggs, Scott Perry, and Lauren Boebert. It was "not a formal caucus," but was described as more radical than the mainstream Freedom Caucus. The group supported primary challenges against incumbent Republicans during the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections.

In June 2023, following a feud with Boebert, Greene was expelled from the Freedom Caucus.

State Freedom Caucus Network
In December 2021, the Freedom Caucus officially expanded to the state level, establishing the 'State Freedom Caucus Network' in state legislatures to provide legislators with additional resources. The group has state-level caucuses in ten states: Arizona, Idaho, Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Pennsylvania and Illinois.

Aside from the caucuses affiliated with the State Freedom Caucus Network, several state-level caucuses describing themselves as the "Freedom Caucus" exist in other state legislatures, including in Texas, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Washington, and Michigan.

In February 2023, David Schweikert cited the state level Arizona Freedom Caucus's association with populism as the reason for him leaving the Freedom Caucus on the federal level.

Respect for Marriage Act
In July 2022, the caucus split over the Respect for Marriage Act, which recognized a statutory right to same-sex marriage. All members voted against except Chairperson Scott Perry (R-PA), who joined 46 other Republicans and all Democrats in voting for the bill. The Freedom Caucus adopted a formal position urging Senate Republicans to block the bill, and Perry later voted against its final passage. To take a formal position on legislation, the Freedom Caucus requires the support of 80% of the caucus's members.

118th Congress House Republican leadership elections (2023)
In the November 2022 elections, Republicans narrowly regained control of the House of Representatives that opened in January 2023. The Freedom Caucus was actively involved in the ensuing House Republican leadership elections, but was divided over whether to challenge House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy's bid to be Speaker of the House of Representatives. Before the internal House Republican election, the caucus issued an array of demands that would fundamentally change House procedure by weakening the power of the speaker and strengthening the power of both the caucus and rank-and-file House Republicans as a whole. These included making it easier to oust a speaker by reviving the motion to vacate the chair; allowing ten percent of the Republican conference to force a vote on any amendment, thus reducing the speaker's control over legislation; and codifying the Hastert rule ("majority-of-the-majority" rule), which would block all legislation except those supported by a majority of House Republicans.

Former caucus chair Andy Biggs launched a challenge to McCarthy, but McCarthy earned the Republican nomination for speaker, by defeating Biggs in a 188–31 secret ballot vote, with an additional five Republicans writing in other names. McCarthy ran with the endorsement of other Freedom Caucus members, such as vice chair Jim Jordan, David Schweikert, and Marjorie Taylor Greene. Caucus member Byron Donalds also ran for House Republican Conference chair, but lost to incumbent Elise Stefanik, while member Andrew Clyde ran for House Republican Conference secretary, but lost to Lisa McClain.

McCarthy needed 218 votes from the House floor to be elected speaker in the January 3, 2023, vote. After winning the internal Republican nomination, some Freedom Caucus members became outspoken supporters of McCarthy, including Jordan, a former McCarthy rival who was set to be chairperson of the House Judiciary Committee. Marjorie Taylor Greene also backed McCarthy, saying that any alternative to McCarthy would be insufficiently right-wing. Other caucus members resisted supporting McCarthy, with five members saying they would vote against him, although they have not coalesced around a specific alternative candidate. A third group of caucus members did not publicly support or oppose McCarthy's speakership bid, seeking to extract concessions from him. Because the House Republicans only have a narrow majority (222–212), McCarthy could not gain a majority unless nearly all Republicans voted for him. McCarthy warned his internal opponents that the next speaker of the House could be chosen with House Democratic votes if the Republican caucus failed to unite around him. In December 2022, seven hardline Republicans, including Freedom Caucus chairperson Scott Perry and several members of the caucus, issued a letter demanding certain commitments from a speaker; the letter repeated many demands that the group had made in summer 2022, including securing an increase in Freedom Caucus representation in committee chairpersonships and in the House Rules Committee; barring the House Republican leadership and House Republican leadership PACs from getting involved in primaries (as McCarthy has done); and restoring the motion to vacate the chair. In January 2023, 19 Freedom Caucus members voted against McCarthy during the House floor vote for Speaker, eventually allowing McCarthy to become Speaker only after he had agreed to make extensive House rules concessions to the rebels.

2023 conflict with Marjorie Taylor Greene
After the contested House Speaker election, Marjorie Taylor Greene broke with the caucus's positions and aligned herself with McCarthy.

On June 21, 2023, Greene engaged in a heated conversation with fellow caucus member Lauren Boebert on the House floor, in which the former called the latter a "little bitch." As a result of this incident, the caucus moved to expel Greene in a secret vote prior to the Fourth of July recess.

2023 debt-ceiling crisis
In May 2023, Speaker McCarthy worked with the Biden administration to pass a compromise debt-ceiling reform and spending bill, with the Freedom Caucus supporting the bills as part of the compromise that got McCarthy elected speaker. By suspending the debt ceiling until January 2025, the government avoided a first-ever default. The spending bill focused on issues such as military construction and veterans affairs.

Removal of Kevin McCarthy as speaker
In September 2023, the federal government appeared poised to shut down after representatives could not vote on a series of appropriations bills. The Freedom Caucus threatened to depose McCarthy if he turned to Democrats to gather more votes. On September 29, Politico reported that Representative Matt Gaetz had reached out to Congressional Progressive Caucus chair Pramila Jayapal, among other Democrats about removing McCarthy. The following day, hours before a shutdown was expected to occur, the House of Representatives passed a bipartisan continuing resolution to fund the government through November 17. The resolution was passed in the Senate and signed by President Joe Biden, averting a shutdown. Representative Matt Gaetz, who had led resistance to McCarthy, announced in an interview with CNN that he would move to remove McCarthy for working with Democrats.

On October 2, Gaetz filed a motion to vacate, forcing a vote on McCarthy's removal within two legislative days. Voting began the following day; McCarthy ruled out a deal with Democrats. Representative Tom Cole unsuccessfully moved to table the motion. The House proceeded with a successful vote to vacate on a 216–210 vote, the first time in congressional history that the chair was vacated.

Backlash against Bob Good
The chair of the Freedom Caucus, Bob Good, faced backlash for voting to remove Kevin McCarthy and endorsing Ron DeSantis in the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries. He was defeated in a 2024 primary challenge from state senator John McGuire, who was endorsed by Donald Trump. McGuire won by a margin of 0.6%, with Good seeking a recount.

Political positions
The caucus is positioned right-wing to far-right on the political spectrum. On October 30, 2017, Vanity Fair published an interview with John Boehner, who said of the Freedom Caucus: "They can't tell you what they're for. They can tell you everything they're against. They're anarchists. They want total chaos. Tear it all down and start over. That's where their mindset is."

After the election of Donald Trump, the Freedom Caucus shifted its emphasis to loyalty to Trump, and became what Politico described as "more populist and nationalist, but less bound by policy principles." The caucus has included some members who are libertarians.

Leadership
The current chair of the caucus is Representative Bob Good from Virginia, with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair. In January 2022, Representative Lauren Boebert was elected as communications chair, and Representative Chip Roy as policy chair.

Membership policy
The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only. The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets "in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol." The caucus acts as a bloc, with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members, which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans.

Historical membership
As the HFC does not publicize a full membership list, the known number of members at the start of each electoral cycle is listed below.

Current members
A number of members have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as belonging to the Freedom Caucus. There are at least 39 caucus members ; those members include:

• Alabama

• Barry Moore (AL-2)

• Gary Palmer (AL-6)

• Arizona

• Eli Crane (AZ-2)

• Andy Biggs (AZ-5)

• Debbie Lesko (AZ-8) (retiring at the end of the 118th Congress)

• Paul Gosar (AZ-9)

• Colorado

• Lauren Boebert (CO-3) – Communications Chair

• Florida

• Bill Posey (FL-8) (retiring at the end of the 118th Congress)

• Anna Paulina Luna (FL-13)

• Greg Steube (FL-17)

• Byron Donalds (FL-19)

• Georgia

• Andrew Clyde (GA-9)

• Mike Collins (GA-10)

• Idaho

• Russ Fulcher (ID-1)

• Illinois

• Mary Miller (IL-15)

• Louisiana

• Clay Higgins (LA-3)

• Maryland

• Andy Harris (MD-1)

• Missouri

• Eric Burlison (MO-7)

• Montana

• Matt Rosendale (MT-2) (retiring at the end of the 118th Congress)

• North Carolina

• Greg Murphy (NC-3)

• Dan Bishop (NC-8) (retiring at the end of the 118th Congress to run for state attorney general)

• Ohio

• Jim Jordan (OH-4) – Vice chair

• Oklahoma

• Josh Brecheen (OK-2)

• Pennsylvania

• Scott Perry (PA-10)

• South Carolina

• Jeff Duncan (SC-3) (retiring at the end of the 118th Congress)

• Ralph Norman (SC-5)

• Tennessee

• Diana Harshbarger (TN-1)

• Scott DesJarlais (TN-4)

• Andy Ogles (TN-5)

• Mark Green (TN-7)

• Texas

• Keith Self (TX-3)

• Chip Roy (TX-21) – Policy Chair

• Michael Cloud (TX-27)

• Virginia

• Bob Good (VA-5) – Chair (lost renomination in 2024 primary election)

• Ben Cline (VA-6)

• Morgan Griffith (VA-9)

• West Virginia

• Alex Mooney (WV-2) (retiring in 2024 with unsuccessful run for nomination as Senator from West Virginia)

• Wisconsin

• Tom Tiffany (WI-7)

• Wyoming

• Harriet Hageman (WY-AL)

Former members
• Justin Amash of Michigan (left caucus in 2019)

• Brian Babin of Texas (left caucus in 2017)

• Joe Barton of Texas (retired in 2018)

• Rod Blum of Iowa (lost 2018 general election)

• Dave Brat of Virginia (lost 2018 general election)

• Jim Bridenstine of Oklahoma (resigned in 2018 to become NASA Administrator)

• Mo Brooks of Alabama (retired and lost 2022 election for senator from Alabama)

• Ken Buck of Colorado (voted out of caucus days before he resigned from the House in 2024)

• Ted Budd of North Carolina (retired and won 2022 election for senator from North Carolina)

• Madison Cawthorn of North Carolina (defeated for renomination in 2022 primary election)

• Curt Clawson of Florida (retired in 2016)

• Warren Davidson of Ohio (removed from the caucus in 2024)

• Ron DeSantis of Florida (retired in 2018 and won election for governor of Florida)

• John Fleming of Louisiana (retired in 2016 and lost nomination as Senator from Louisiana)

• Scott Garrett of New Jersey (lost 2016 general election)

• Tom Garrett Jr. of Virginia (retired in 2018)

• Louie Gohmert of Texas (retired and lost 2022 nomination as Attorney General of Texas)

• Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia (removed from the caucus in 2023)

• Yvette Herrell of New Mexico (lost 2022 general election)

• Jody Hice of Georgia (retired and lost 2022 election for Georgia Secretary of State)

• Tim Huelskamp of Kansas (defeated for renomination in 2016 primary election)

• Fred Keller of Pennsylvania (retired in 2022)

• Raúl Labrador of Idaho (retired and lost 2018 nomination as Governor of Idaho)

• Doug Lamborn of Colorado (left caucus in 2016)

• Barry Loudermilk of Georgia (declined to renew membership for the 115th Congress)

• Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming (retired in 2016)

• Tom McClintock of California (left caucus in 2015)

• Mark Meadows of North Carolina (resigned in 2020 to become White House Chief of Staff)

• Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina (resigned in 2017 to become OMB Director)

• Troy Nehls (TX-22) (left caucus in 2024)

• Devin Nunes of California (resigned in 2022 to become CEO of TMTG)

• Steve Pearce of New Mexico (retired and lost 2018 election for Governor of New Mexico)

• Ted Poe of Texas (left caucus in 2017)

• Reid Ribble of Wisconsin (left caucus in 2015)

• Denver Riggleman of Virginia (defeated for renomination in 2020 primary election)

• Dana Rohrabacher of California (lost 2018 general election)

• Keith Rothfus of Pennsylvania (left caucus in 2016)

• Matt Salmon of Arizona (retired in 2016)

• Mark Sanford of South Carolina (lost 2018 primary election)

• David Schweikert of Arizona (left the caucus in 2023)

• Marlin Stutzman of Indiana (retired in 2016 and lost nomination as Senator from Indiana)

• Randy Weber of Texas (left the caucus in 2024)

• Ron Wright of Texas (died in 2021)

• Ted Yoho of Florida (retired in 2020)