Grevilleoideae

The Grevilleoideae are a subfamily of the plant family Proteaceae. Mainly restricted to the Southern Hemisphere, it contains around 46 genera and about 950 species. Genera include Banksia, Grevillea, and Macadamia.

Description
The Grevilleoideae grow as trees, shrubs, or subshrubs. They are highly variable, making a simple, diagnostic identification key for the subfamily essentially impossible to provide. One common and fairly diagnostic characteristic is the occurrence of flowers in pairs that share a common bract. However, a few Grevilleoideae taxa do not have this property, having solitary flowers or inflorescences of unpaired flowers. In most taxa, the flowers occur in densely packed heads or spikes, and the fruit is a follicle.

Distribution and habitat
Grevilleoideae are mainly a Southern Hemisphere family. The main centre of diversity is Australia, with around 700 of 950 species occurring there, and South America also contains taxa. However, the Grevilleoideae are barely present in Africa, where almost all of Proteaceae taxa belong to the subfamily Proteoideae. The lone exception and only grevilleoid in Africa is the Brabejum tree of Cape Town.

Taxonomy
The framework for classification of the Proteaceae was laid by L.A.S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their 1975 monograph "On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family". Their classification has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. The Grevilleoideae are now considered one of five subfamilies of the Proteaceae. The placement and circumscription of the Grevilleoideae in four tribes, according to Weston and Barker can be summarised as:
 * Tribe incertae sedis
 * Sphalmium — Carnarvonia

Roupaleae
Authority: Meisn.
 * incertae sedis
 * Megahertzia — Knightia — Eucarpha — Triunia
 * Subtribe Roupalinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Roupala — Neorites — Orites
 * Subtribe Lambertiinae (Venk.Rao) L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Lambertia — Xylomelum
 * Subtribe Heliciinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Helicia — Hollandaea
 * Subtribe Floydiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Darlingia — Floydia

Banksieae
Authority: Rchb.
 * fossil form genera
 * Banksieaeidites — Banksieaeformis  — Banksieaephyllum
 * Subtribe Musgraveinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Musgravea — Austromuellera
 * Subtribe Banksiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Banksia

Embothrieae
Authority: Rchb.
 * Subtribe Lomatiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Lomatia
 * Subtribe Embothriinae Endl.
 * Embothrium — Oreocallis — Alloxylon — Telopea
 * Subtribe Stenocarpinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Stenocarpus — Strangea
 * Subtribe Hakeinae Endl.
 * Opisthiolepis — Buckinghamia — Hakea — Grevillea — Finschia

Macadamieae
Authority: Venk.Rao
 * Subtribe Macadamiinae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Macadamia — Panopsis — Brabejum
 * Subtribe Malagasiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker
 * Malagasia — Catalepidia
 * Subtribe Virotiinae P.H.Weston & N.P.Barker
 * Virotia — Athertonia — Heliciopsis
 * Subtribe Gevuininae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs
 * Cardwellia — Euplassa — Gevuina — Bleasdalea — Hicksbeachia — Kermadecia

Uses
The nursery industry cultivates many Grevilleoideae species  as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut-flower industry, especially some Banksia and Dryandra species. Two species of the genus Macadamia and the Chilean species Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel) are grown commercially for edible nuts. Chilean hazel has an acceptable frost tolerance.