Malus crescimannoi

Malus crescimannoi, also known as the Raimondo apple, is a species of apple in the rose family Rosaceae. Native just to the island of Sicily it was formally described only in 2008, making it one of the most recently described species of tree in Europe. At present unknown is whether the species is a remnant of a preglacial diversity of apples in Europe, or a distinctive race of European wild apple.

Taxonomy
Although formally described in 2008, the species was recognised as different from other local apple populations much earlier. Further investigation by botanist then demonstrated that the population is relatively uniform in its characteristics and distinct from other populations, which led to its formal description as a distinct species. Nonetheless, the species is clearly closely related to both the domestic apple (Malus domestica) and the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris), and could still turn out to be a distinctive local race of the latter. The species epiphet honours Francesco Giulio Crescimanno, arborist and professor at the University of Palermo.

Description
It is a small to medium-sized tree of up to 10 meters in size, that is distinguished from the European wild apple and the domestic apple by a combination of smaller flowers, more oval leaves and small (2,5 to 4 cm in diameter) pomes that are usually longer than wide. The flowers appear in corymbs in April to May, with petals that are pink to purple in colour. The apple fruits ripen in October to November. The leaves are hairy with long petioles. The twigs are weakly thorny.

Distribution and ecology
The species is endemic to Sicily, a characteristic it shares with other Sicilian woody plants such as the Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis), Mount Etna broom (Genista aetnensis) and Sicilian zelkove (Zelkova sicula). It is also the only species of apple endemic to Italy, the other two wild species (Malus sylvestris, Malus florentina) being more widely distributed in Europe. The species was originally described from the Nebrodi mountains near Floresta, but was more recently also identified in the Madonie Mountains. The area is recognised as the largest remaining area of Sicilian forest and is home to a number of endemic species. Malus crescimannoi occurs in plant communities dominated by oaks (Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica), alongside fellow medium-sized rosaceous species such as the chequer tree (Torminalis glaberrima), pears (Pyrus pyraster, P. spinosa, P. ciancioi) and locally the closely related European crab apple, as well as hawthorns (Crataegus monogyna, C. orientalis), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and dog rose (Rosa canina). It is not an uncommon member of these communities between 1000 and 1800 m altitude.

Status
The species is known from only two populations in two locations in the Sicilian Apennines of northern Sicily. The Italian Red List classifies it as near threatened, and it is also recognised as a threatened crop wild relative of the domestic apple.