Martin Walser

Martin Johannes Walser (24 March 1927 – 26 July 2023) was a German writer, especially known as a novelist. He began his career as journalist for Süddeutscher Rundfunk, where he wrote and directed audio plays. He was part of Group 47 from 1953. His first novel, Ehen in Philippsburg (Marriage in Philippsburg), a satirical portrait of postwar society, became a success in 1957. He then turned to freelance writing. He published a trilogy of novels around Anselm Kristlein, beginning with Halbzeit in 1960, Das Einhorn (The Unicorn) in 1966 and ending with Der Sturz (The Fall) in 1973. Most of his major works were translated into English, such as the 1978 novella Ein fliehendes Pferd, successful with both readers and critics, as Runaway Horse when it first appeared. He also wrote plays (Die Zimmerschlacht), screen plays, story collections and essays. Several of his books were adapted to the screen, Runaway Horse both in 1986 and 2007.

Walser received many awards including the Georg Büchner Prize in 1981 and the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1998. He caused controversy when he criticised in his acceptance speech for the Peace Prize the "monumentalization of shame" that risks to turn remembrance of the Holocaust into a "lip service" ritual, and again in 2002 when his portrait of literary critic Marcel Reich-Ranicki in his 2002 novel Tod eines Kritikers was regarded as anti-Semitic.

Walser is regarded, along with Heinrich Böll, Günter Grass, and Siegfried Lenz, as one of Germany's most influential postwar authors.

Early life and education
Walser was born on 24 March 1927, in Wasserburg am Bodensee, on Lake Constance. His parents were coal merchants, who also kept an inn next to the train station in Wasserburg. The second of three children, Walser lost his father at age ten. He described the environment in which he grew up in his novel Ein springender Brunnen (A Gushing Fountain). From 1938 to 1943 he was a pupil at the secondary school in Lindau and served in an unit. According to documents released in June 2007, he became a member of the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944 at age 17. Walser denied that he knowingly entered the party, and assumed that he was enrolled by the Standortführer as part of a larger group without his knowledge. The claim was disputed by Hans-Dieter Kreikamp from the Bundesarchiv who said that a personal signature was needed formally even in times of war. By the end of the Second World War, Walser was a soldier of the Wehrmacht.

After the war, he completed his Abitur in Lindau in 1946. He then studied literature, history, and philosophy at the University of Regensburg and the University of Tübingen, achieving his doctorate in literature in 1951 with a thesis on Franz Kafka.

Career
While studying, Walser worked as a reporter for broadcasting company Süddeutscher Rundfunk, and wrote and directed his first audio plays. He travelled to Czechoslovakia, England, France, Italy, and Poland as part of his job. In 1950 Walser married Katharina "Käthe" Neuner-Jehle; the couple had four daughters.

Beginning in 1953, Walser was regularly invited to conferences of the Gruppe 47, which was focused on literature for a new democratic Germany; it awarded him a prize for his story Templones Ende in 1955. His first novel, Ehen in Philippsburg (Marriage in Philippsburg), was published in 1957. As his books to come, it was set in Southern Germany in a postwar society, and satirically portrayed the "conservative middle class" during the "so-called economic miracle". The novel appeared in English three years later as The Gadarene Club.

The book became a huge success, which enabled Walser to work as a freelance author and reside in Friedrichshafen. In 1958 Walser lived in the U.S. for three months and participated in the Harvard International Seminary. He would continue to return over many years, invited by American universities to observe political conditions there.

Walser's most famous and best-selling work was the novella Ein fliehendes Pferd (Runaway Horse), published in 1978. It was not only a commercial but also a critical success, and was described as "Walser's most beautiful and mature book and a masterful, searing critique of society".

In 2004 Walser left his long-time publisher Suhrkamp Verlag for Rowohlt Verlag, after the death of Suhrkamp director Siegfried Unseld. An unusual clause in his contract with Suhrkamp made it possible to take publishing rights for all his works with him. According to Walser, a decisive factor in making the switch was the lack of active support by his publisher during the controversy over his novel Tod eines Kritikers (Death of a Critic).

Walser was a member of Akademie der Künste in Berlin, Sächsische Akademie der Künste, Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung in Darmstadt, and a member of the German P.E.N.

In 2007 the German political magazine Cicero placed Walser second on its list of the 500 most important German intellectuals, behind Pope Benedict XVI and ahead of Nobel Prize winner Günter Grass.

Work
Walser's subjects were often broken heroes, who found it difficult to live up to the requirements of society or their own expectations. Walser said: "I think that world literature is about losers. That's just the way it is. From Antigone to Josef K. — there are no winners, no champions. And furthermore, anyone can confirm that in their circle of acquaintances: People are always more interesting when they are losing than when they are winning."

He wrote his most successful book, the novella Runaway Horse, in just two weeks. Its protagonists are two very different men, former school friends who experience a mid-life crisis.

Walser's books have been translated into many languages. In 2007 he gave many of his manuscripts to the Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach vor preservation, as a Vorlass. Some of them feature in a permanent exhibition at the Literaturmuseum der Moderne in Marbach, including Ein springender Brunnen.

Death of a Critic
In his 2002 roman-à-clef Death of a Critic, Walser, who disliked literary critics in general, denounced one of the most prominent in Germany, Marcel Reich-Ranicki of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (FAZ); critics accused his portrayal as "playing to numerous anti-Semitic cliches". Its publication started a scandal, especially considering Reich-Ranicki's Jewish heritage and Walser's former membership in the Nazi Party. Even before the novel was released, the book was hotly debated. Frank Schirrmacher, editor of the FAZ, refused the traditional Vorabdruck of the novel in the paper.

In May 2010, Reich-Ranicki commented in an interview with Der Spiegel: "I don't think that he is an anti-Semite. But it is important to him to demonstrate that the critic, who allegedly tortured him most, is a Jew, too. He expects his public to follow him in this. You see, there never was an anti-Semitic line or remark from Grass, not one. And I certainly haven't written only positively about his books." After the scandal, Walser was not welcome in the U.S. for a long time.

Political engagement
Walser was known for his political activity. He was in 1961 the first literary writer to support the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) for an election.

In 1964, he attended the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, and was involved in protests against the Vietnam War. During the late 1960s, Walser, like many leftist German intellectuals including Günter Grass, supported Willy Brandt for the election to the office of chancellor of West Germany.

In the 1960s and 1970s Walser moved further to the left and was considered a sympathizer of the DKP, the newly formed West German Communist Party. He was friends with leading German Marxists such as Robert Steigerwald and even visited Moscow during this time. By the 1980s, Walser began shifting back to the political right. In 1988 he gave a series of lectures entitled "Speeches About One's Own Country," in which he made clear that he considered German division to be a painful gap which he could not accept. This was also the topic of his story "Dorle und Wolf".

Personal life
In 1950, Walser married Katharina "Käthe" Neuner-Jehle. The couple had four daughters: actress Franziska Walser, writer and painter Alissa Walser, writer Johanna Walser, and writer Theresia Walser. German journalist Jakob Augstein is Walser's son from a relationship with translator Maria Carlsson.

Walser died in Nussdorf on 26 July 2023, at age 96.

Awards
Walser was awarded the Hermann Hesse Prize in 1957 for his first novel. He received the Georg Büchner Prize in 1981, the Ricarda Huch Prize of Darmstadt in 1990, the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 1998, and the Friedrich Nietzsche Prize in 2015 for his life's achievements, among many other awards.

Peace Prize of the German Book Trade
In 1998 Walser was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade. His acceptance speech, given at St. Paul's Church in Frankfurt, invoked issues of historical memory and political engagement in contemporary German politics and unleashed a controversy that roiled German intellectual circles. Walser's acceptance speech was titled: "Erfahrungen beim Verfassen einer Sonntagsrede" (Experiences while drafting a soap box speech): "Everybody knows our historical burden, the never ending shame, not a day on which the shame is not presented to us. [...] But when every day in the media this past is presented to me, I notice that something inside me is opposing this permanent show of our shame. Instead of being grateful for the continuous show of our shame — I start looking away. I would like to understand why in this decade the past is shown like never before. When I notice that something within me is opposing it, I try to hear the motives of this reproach of our shame, and I am almost glad when I think I can discover that more often not the remembrance, the not-allowed-to-forget is the motive, but the exploitation / utilization [Instrumentalisierung] of our shame for current goals. Always for the right purpose, for sure. But yet the exploitation. [...] Auschwitz is not suitable for becoming a routine-of-threat, an always available intimidation or a moral club [Moralkeule] or also just an obligation. What is produced by ritualisation has the quality of a lip service [...]. The debate about the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin will show, in posterity, what people do who feel responsible for the conscience of others. Turning the centre of the capital into concrete with a nightmare [Alptraum], the size of a football pitch. Turning shame into monument."

At first the speech caused no great stir; the audience received the speech with applause, though Ignatz Bubis, president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, did not applaud, as confirmed by television footage of the event. Some days after the event, and again on 9November, the 60th anniversary of the Kristallnacht pogrom against German Jews, Bubis accused Walser of "intellectual arson" (geistige Brandstiftung) and claimed that Walser's speech was both "trying to block out history or, respectively, to eliminate the remembrance" and pleading "for a culture of looking away and thinking away". Then the controversy started. As described by Karsten Luttmer: Walser replied by accusing Bubis to have stepped out of dialogue between people. Walser and Bubis met on 12 December to discuss the heated controversy and settle the dispute. Bubis withdrew his claim that Walser had been intentionally incendiary, and Walser maintained that his speech was unambiguous. They agreed that no appropriate language had yet been found to deal with Germany's past.

Works
Walser's books were published by Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt, until 2003. The publisher printed an edition of his works in 12 volumes in 1997. Beginning in 2004, Walser's works were published by Rowohlt, Reinbek. His works include:
 * Beschreibung einer Form: Versuch über die epische Dichtung Franz Kafkas, dissertation (1951)
 * Ein Flugzeug über dem Haus und andere Geschichten, story collection (1955), ISBN 3-518-39288-3
 * Ehen in Philippsburg, novel (1957) ISBN 978-3-499-10557-9 – The Gadarene Club (1960) / Marriage in Philippsburg (1961)
 * Halbzeit, novel (1960) ISBN 3-518-04623-3, first part of the Anselm Kristlein trilogy
 * Eiche und Angora, play (1962) – The Rabbit Race (1963) – adapted by Ronald Duncan, ISBN 978-0-7145-0497-1
 * Der Schwarze Schwan, play (1964)
 * Überlebensgroß Herr Krott: Requiem für einen Unsterblichen (1964) ISBN 3-518-00055-1
 * Lügengeschichten, story collection (1964) ISBN 3-518-38236-5
 * Erfahrungen und Leseerfahrungen (1965)
 * Das Einhorn, novel (1966) ISBN 3-518-06659-5, second part of the Anselm Kristlein trilogy – The Unicorn (1971) ISBN 0-7145-0886-1
 * Der Abstecher, Die Zimmerschlacht, two plays (1967) Der Abstecher translated as – The Detour – by Richard Grunberger
 * Heimatkunde: Aufsätze und Reden, essays and speeches (1968)
 * Ein Kinderspiel, play in two acts (1970) ISBN 3-518-00400-X
 * Fiction, story (1970)
 * Aus dem Wortschatz unserer Kämpfe (1971) ISBN 3-87365-009-6
 * Die Gallistl'sche Krankheit, novel (1972) ISBN 3-518-04626-8
 * Der Sturz (1973) ISBN 3-518-04627-6, third part of the Anselm Kristlein trilogy
 * Das Sauspiel: Szenen aus dem 16. Jahrhundert (1975) ISBN 3-518-04628-4
 * Jenseits der Liebe, novel (1976) ISBN 3-518-04619-5 – Beyond All Love (1983) ISBN 978-0-7145-3917-1
 * Ein fliehendes Pferd (1978) – Runaway Horse: A Novel (1987) ISBN 978-0-8050-0359-8
 * Seelenarbeit, novel (1979) ISBN 3-518-37401-X – The Inner Man (1984)
 * Das Schwanenhaus, novel (1980) ISBN 3-518-37300-5 – The Swan Villa (1983)
 * Selbstbewußtsein und Ironie, Frankfurt lectures (1981) ISBN 3-518-11090-X
 * Brief an Lord Liszt, novel (1982) ISBN 3-518-04632-2 – Letter to Lord Liszt (1985)
 * In Goethes Hand: Szenen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert (1982) ISBN 3-518-04629-2
 * Liebeserklärungen (1983) ISBN 3-518-04521-0
 * Brandung, novel (1985) ISBN 3-518-03570-3 – Breakers: A Novel (1988) ISBN 978-0-8050-0415-1
 * Meßmers Gedanken (1985) ISBN 3-518-03222-4
 * Geständnis auf Raten (1986) ISBN 3-518-11374-7
 * Die Amerikareise: Versuch, ein Gefühl zu verstehen (with André Ficus, Kunstverlag Weingarten, 1986) ISBN 3-458-32943-9
 * Dorle und Wolf, novella (1987) ISBN 3-518-02668-2 – No Man's Land (1988) ISBN 978-0-8050-0667-4
 * Jagd (novel), novel (1988) ISBN 3-518-40130-0
 * Über Deutschland reden (1988) ISBN 3-518-11553-7
 * Die Verteidigung der Kindheit, novel (1991) ISBN 3-518-40380-X
 * Das Sofa (written 1961, published 1992) ISBN 3-518-40458-X
 * Ohne einander, novel (1993) ISBN 3-518-40542-X
 * Vormittag eines Schriftstellers (1994) ISBN 3-518-40603-5
 * Kaschmir in Parching: Szenen aus der Gegenwart (1995) ISBN 3-518-40740-6
 * Finks Krieg, novel (1996) ISBN 3-518-40791-0
 * Deutsche Sorgen (1997) ISBN 3-518-39158-5
 * Heimatlob: Ein Bodensee-Buch, illustrated book about Lake Constance (with Ficus, Insel Verlag, 1998) ISBN 3-458-34074-2
 * Ein springender Brunnen, novel (1998) ISBN 3-518-41010-5 – A Gushing Fountain (2015)
 * Der Lebenslauf der Liebe, novel (2000) ISBN 3-518-41270-1
 * Tod eines Kritikers, novel (2002) ISBN 3-518-41378-3
 * Meßmers Reisen (2003) ISBN 3-518-41463-1
 * Der Augenblick der Liebe, novel (2004) ISBN 3-498-07353-2
 * Die Verwaltung des Nichts, essays (2004) ISBN 3-498-07354-0
 * Leben und Schreiben: Tagebücher 1951–1962, diaries (2005) ISBN 978-3-499-24427-8
 * Angstblüte, novel (2006) ISBN 3-498-07357-5
 * Der Lebensroman des Andreas Beck, novel about Andreas Beck (Author) (Edition Isele, Eggingen, 2006) ISBN 3-86142-401-0
 * Das geschundene Tier, 39 ballads (2007) ISBN 978-3-498-07359-6.
 * The Burden of the Past: Martin Walser on Modern German Identity (in English, 2008), ISBN 978-1-57113-789-0,
 * Ein liebender Mann, novel about the aging Goethe (2008) ISBN 978-3-498-07363-3 – A Man in Love
 * Leben und Schreiben. Tagebücher 1963–1973, diaries (2008) ISBN 978-3-498-07358-9.
 * Mein Jenseits, novella (Berlin University Press, 2010) ISBN 978-3-940432-77-3.
 * Leben und Schreiben. Tagebücher 1974–1978, diaries (2010) ISBN 978-3-498-07369-5
 * Muttersohn novel (2011) ISBN 978-3-498-07378-7
 * Meine Lebensreisen (Corso, Hamburg, 2012) ISBN 978-3-86260-045-8
 * Über Rechtfertigung, eine Versuchung: Zeugen und Zeugnisse (2012) ISBN 978-3-498-07381-7
 * Das dreizehnte Kapitel (2012) ISBN 978-3-498-07382-4
 * Meßmers Momente (2013) ISBN 978-3-498-07383-1
 * Die Inszenierung (2013) ISBN 978-3-498-07384-8
 * Shmekendike blumen. Ein Denkmal / A dermonung für Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh. (2014) ISBN 978-3-498-07387-9
 * Schreiben und Leben. Tagebücher 1979–1981, diaries (2014) ISBN 978-3-498-07386-2
 * Ein sterbender Mann (2016) ISBN 978-3-498-07388-6
 * Statt etwas, oder Der letzte Rank (2017) ISBN 978-3-498-07392-3
 * Ewig aktuell : aus gegebenem Anlass. (2017) ISBN 978-3-498-07393-0
 * with Jakob Augstein: Das Leben wortwörtlich. Ein Gespräch., conversation (2017) ISBN 978-3-498-00680-8
 * Gar alles oder Briefe an eine unbekannte Geliebte. (2018) ISBN 978-3-498-07400-5
 * Spätdienst. Bekenntnis und Stimmung, with illustrations by Alissa Walser (2018) ISBN 978-3-498-07407-4
 * Mädchenleben oder Die Heiligsprechung. Legende. (2019) ISBN 978-3-498-00196-4
 * Sprachlaub oder: Wahr ist, was schön ist (2021) ISBN 978-3-498-00239-8
 * Das Traumbuch. Postkarten aus dem Schlaf, with Cornelia Schleime (2022) ISBN 978-3-498-00319-7

Film scripts

 * Chiarevalle wird entdeckt, directed by Hannes Tannert (1963, TV film)
 * Das Unheil (Havoc), directed by Peter Fleischmann (1972)
 * Weak Spot, directed by Peter Fleischmann (1975)
 * Tatort: Armer Nanosh, 1989 episode directed by Stanislav Barabáš
 * Tassilo, directed by Hajo Gies (1991, TV series, 6 episodes)

Films of Walser's novels and plays

 * Der Abstecher, directed by Günter Gräwert (1962, TV film, based on the play of the same name)
 * Eiche und Angora, directed by Rainer Wolffhardt (1964, TV film, based on the play of the same name)
 * Eiche und Angora, directed by Helmut Schiemann (East Germany, 1965, TV film, based on the play of the same name)
 * Die Zimmerschlacht, directed by Franz Peter Wirth (1969, TV film, based on the play of the same name)
 * Überlebensgroß Herr Krott, directed by Martin Batty and Karl Vibach (1971, TV film, based on the play of the same name)
 * Das Einhorn, directed by Peter Patzak (1978, based on the novel of the same name)
 * The Fall (1979 film), directed by Alf Brustellin (1979, based on the novel of the same name)
 * Runaway Horse (1986 film), directed by Peter Beauvais (1986, TV film, based on the novella of the same name)
 * Alles aus Liebe, directed by Rainer Boldt (1986, TV film, based on the story Säntis)
 * Ohne einander, directed by Diethard Klante (2007, TV film, based on the novel of the same name)
 * Ein fliehendes Pferd (2007 film), directed by Rainer Kaufmann (2007, based on the novella of the same name)