Pakatan Harapan

The Alliance of Hope (Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylised as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has lead a grand coalition government since November 2022, having previously led a single-coalition government from May 2018 to February 2020.

It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats and is part of the state governments of seven of 13 states in the country, comprising Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Melaka and Sabah. It also provides confidence and supply in Johor for its state government led by Barisan Nasional (BN).

The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), People's Justice Party (PKR), National Trust Party (AMANAH), and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO).

The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending its 60-year-long reign (counted together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence. Pakatan fell from power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned from office, and his Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) left the coalition along with 11 members of parliament from PKR.

After the 2022 Malaysian general election resulted in a hung parliament, Pakatan entered into coalition with Barisan, the Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian Nation Party (PBM), Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents to form what is commonly referred to as a national unity government, with Pakatan chairman Anwar Ibrahim as prime minister.

Formation
Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Disagreements and conflict between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the implementation of sharia law resulted in the predecessor coalition's break-up in June 2015, and it was replaced by a new coalition in September 2015 formed by the remnants of Pakatan Rakyat and a new PAS splinter party, the National Trust Party.

On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) splinter party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), founded and led by former Malaysian prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining Pakatan Harapan. It succeeded in forming an electoral pact with the coalition in December before finally becoming a member in March the next year.

Rise to power
The coalition's presidential council was confirmed in preparation for the coalition's registration. Mahathir was made the coalition's chairman and Wan Azizah Wan Ismail president, with then-imprisoned opposition leader and Wan Azizah's husband Anwar de facto leader. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but was rejected by Registrar of Societies and cited as a reason as to why the coalition could not be registered, while the Home Affairs Ministry later cited "issues" related to DAP and BERSATU after a new logo was submitted. The coalition was not registered in time for the general election and in pursuance of its plan to contest under a common logo, it was announced that the component parties would use the logo of PKR on the ballots instead, except in Sabah and Sarawak, where the local party chapters opted to use their respective logos. The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) before the election, with party president Shafie Apdal promising members it would be represented in the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power.

In the 2018 election held on 9 May, Pakatan Harapan managed to win a simple majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat, dislodging Barisan as the ruling coalition and ending its 60-year long stint in government. Following the coalition's victory, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced their exit from Barisan and that they would seek to form a state government in Sabah with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.

The coalition also formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah. It commanded a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.

Two days after a court date had been set for a hearing on the issue of the coalition's non-registration lodged against the Registrar, it was announced that Pakatan's registration had been officially approved on 17 May, eight days after its victory in the election.

In a 2020 article published in the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute journal of Southeast Asian Affairs, academic Ross Tapsell wrote of the coalition's efforts to ensure an independent trial for former prime minister Najib's corruption charges, the establishment of an independent anti-corruption commission, and the repealing of anti-fake news legislation, but also of the lack of action regarding decentralisation in relation to the Borneon states of Sabah and Sarawak, education reform, issues relating to the country's indigenous peoples (Orang Asli), racial inequality and political patronage, commenting that the Pakatan government was distracted by factional infighting.

Fall from power
Mahathir unexpectedly resigned as prime minister on 24 February 2020. His party, controlling 26 members of parliament, withdrew from the coalition in support of his decision, along with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party led by Anwar's deputy, Azmin Ali. The announcement was made amid speculation that Mahathir intended to form a new governing coalition that would've excluded Anwar, fueled in part by questions raised by the latter's supporters over his status as Mahathir's designated successor, which CNN reported as part of the pair's longstanding rivalry. Despite this, Anwar believed that Mahathir was not member to any plans to exclude him from power. The political crisis sparked by Mahathir's resignation culminated in the coalition government's collapse as it no longer had a majority in parliament. Eventually, a new rival coalition led by Mahathir's deputy, Muhyiddin Yassin, consisting of BERSATU and PAS named Perikatan Nasional, formed a new government with the support of Barisan.

The coalition lost its control over the states of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah while a number of PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in those state assemblies left their parties and expressed support for the incoming state governments led by Perikatan.

Return to power
In the 2022 Malaysian general election, Pakatan won most of its seats in the Dewan Rakyat in the states of Selangor, Johor, Penang, Perak, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, while losing to Perikatan Nasional candidates in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis by large margins. It won the largest number of seats with 82, but fell short of the 112 needed for a simple majority. It formed a grand coalition with Barisan Nasional, two other coalitions, four parties, and independents following the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's counsel that a unity government should be formed as a result of the hung parliament. While an offer was extended to Perikatan, it chose to sit as the official opposition. This arrangement was replicated on the state-level, with Pakatan participating in the government of seven states while providing confidence and supply in Johor.

Of the four states that chose to hold state elections simultaneously, Pakatan won 24 seats in the Perak State Legislative Assembly, 1 in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly, 8 in the Pahang State Legislative Assembly, and 12 seats in the Johor State Legislative Assembly.

International relations
While the Pakatan Harapan coalition is not a member of any political internationals or confederations, some of its component parties are. The Democratic Action Party is a founding member of the Progressive Alliance. The People's Justice Party was listed as an observer member of the Liberal International but has since been de-listed after its leader Anwar Ibrahim publicly denied that the party was member to any political international.

Former member party

 * Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), (2017–2020)

Central Leadership Council

 * Chairman:
 * Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)
 * President:
 * Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (PKR)
 * Deputy President:
 * Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
 * Mohamad Sabu (AMANAH)
 * Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
 * Vice-President:
 * Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
 * M. Kulasegaran (DAP)
 * Christina Liew (PKR)
 * Donald Peter Mojuntin (UPKO)
 * Chief Secretary:
 * Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
 * Treasurer:
 * Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
 * Women Chief:
 * Aiman Athirah Sabu (AMANAH)
 * Youth Chief:
 * Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (DAP)
 * Elections Director:
 * Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
 * Communications Director:
 * Fahmi Fadzil (PKR)
 * Strategic Director:
 * Vacant
 * Information Chief:
 * Teo Nie Ching (DAP)
 * Chief Whip:
 * Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
 * State Chairman:
 * Johor: Aminolhuda Hassan (AMANAH)
 * Kedah: Mahfuz Omar (AMANAH)
 * Kelantan: Muhammad Husin (AMANAH)
 * Malacca: Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
 * Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
 * Pahang: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
 * Perak: Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
 * Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad (PKR)
 * Penang: Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
 * Sabah: Christina Liew (PKR)
 * Sarawak: Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
 * Selangor: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
 * Terengganu: Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
 * Federal Territory: Tan Kok Wai (DAP)
 * State Deputy Chairperson:
 * Johor:
 * Liew Chin Tong (DAP)
 * Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh (PKR)
 * Kedah:
 * Nor Azrina Surip (PKR)
 * Ismail Salleh (AMANAH)
 * Tan Kok Yew (DAP)
 * Kelantan:
 * Mohd Suparadi Mohd Nor (PKR)
 * Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
 * Azaha Abdul Rani (DAP)
 * Malacca:
 * Tey Kok Kiew (DAP)
 * Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
 * Ashraf Muklis Minghat (AMANAH)
 * Negeri Sembilan:
 * Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
 * Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman (AMANAH)
 * Pahang:
 * Leong Ngah Ngah (DAP)
 * Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
 * Zulkifli Mohamed (AMANAH)
 * Perak:
 * Nga Kor Ming (DAP)
 * Asmuni Awi (AMANAH)
 * Chang Lih Kang (PKR)
 * Perlis:
 * Wan Kharizal Wan Khazi (AMANAH)
 * Teh Seng Chuan (DAP)
 * Penang:
 * Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
 * Roslan Ahmad (AMANAH)
 * Sabah:
 * Poon Ming Fung (DAP)
 * Mustapha Sakmud (PKR)
 * Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
 * Lahirul Latigul (AMANAH)
 * Sarawak:
 * Roland Engan (PKR)
 * Abang Abd Halil Abang Naili (AMANAH)
 * Selangor:
 * Gobind Singh Deo (DAP)
 * Izham Hashim (AMANAH)
 * Terengganu:
 * Ahmad Nazri Mohd Yusof (PKR)
 * Ng Chai Hing (DAP)
 * Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
 * Federal Territory:
 * Azman Abidin (PKR)
 * Khalid Abd Samad (AMANAH)

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)

 * Youth Chief:
 * Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
 * Deputy Youth Chiefs:
 * Hasbie Muda
 * Adam Adli
 * Nurthaqaffah Nordin
 * Felix Joseph Saang
 * Vice-Youth Chiefs:
 * Nik Abdul Razak Nik Md Ridzuan
 * Young Syefura Othman
 * Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
 * Kennedy John Angian
 * Youth Secretary:
 * Musaddeq Khalid
 * Deputy Youth Secretary:
 * Omar Mokhtar A Manap
 * Youth Treasurer:
 * Lim Yi Wei
 *  Deputy Youth Treasurer:
 * Nur Najihah Muhaimin
 * Youth Communications Director:
 * Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
 * Youth Public Policies Directors:
 * Ong Chun Wei
 * Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
 * Ammar Atan
 * Youth Mobilization Directors:
 * Umar Khair
 * Abbas Azmi
 * Jason Raj Kirupanantha
 * Youth Elections Directors:
 * Asmaaliff Abdul Adam
 * Prabakaran Parameswaran
 * Keristinah Philip Selvaraju

Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)

 * Women's Chief:
 * Raj Munni Sabu
 * Deputy Women's Chiefs:
 * Chong Eng
 * Fadhlina Sidek
 * Juliana Janni
 * Vice-Women's Chiefs:
 * Nor Hayati Bachok
 * Juwairiya Zulkifli
 * Alice Lau Kiong Yieng
 * Women's Secretary:
 * Teo Nie Ching
 * Deputy Women's Secretary:
 * Norhayati Bidin
 * Women's Treasurer:
 * June Leow
 * Women's Information Chief:
 * Soraya Salim
 * Women's Communications Director:
 * Yeo Bee Yin
 * Women's Elections Director:
 * Rozita Abdul
 * Women's Training Director:
 * Sangetha Jayakumar
 * Media and IT Bureau Chief:
 * Loh Ker Chean
 * Public Policies Chief:
 * Kasthuriraani Patto
 * Mobilization Chief:
 * Anfaal Saari

Senators

 * His Majesty's appointee:
 * Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
 * Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
 * Saraswathy Kandasami (PKR)
 * Roderick Wong Siew Lead	(DAP)
 * Mohd Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
 * Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)
 * Manolan Mohamad (PKR)
 * Abun Sui Anyit (PKR)
 * Noorita Sual (DAP)
 * Isaiah Jacob (PKR)
 * Nelson Wences Angang (UPKO)
 * Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
 * Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair (DAP)
 * Ahmad Azam Hamzah (PKR)
 * Penang State Legislative Assembly:
 * Lingeshwaran R. Arunasalam (DAP)
 * Amir Md Ghazali (PKR)
 * Perak State Legislative Assembly:
 * Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
Pakatan Harapan has 81 members in the House of Representatives.

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Penang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly

Johor State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Malacca State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly

Kedah State Legislative Assembly Perlis State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

Pakatan Harapan state governments
Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.