Progress MS-12

Progress MS-12 (Прогресс МC-12), Russian production No.442, identified by NASA as Progress 73P, was a Progress spaceflight operated by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). This was the 164th flight of a Progress spacecraft.

History
The Progress-MS is an uncrewed freighter based on the Progress-M featuring improved avionics. This improved variant first launched on 21 December 2015. It has the following improvements:


 * New external compartment that enables it to deploy satellites. Each compartment can hold up to four launch containers. First time installed on Progress MS-03.
 * Enhanced redundancy thanks to the addition of a backup system of electrical motors for the docking and sealing mechanism.
 * Improved Micrometeoroid (MMOD) protection with additional panels in the cargo compartment.
 * Luch Russian relay satellites link capabilities enable telemetry and control even when not in direct view of ground radio stations.
 * GNSS autonomous navigation enables real time determination of the status vector and orbital parameters dispensing with the need of ground station orbit determination.
 * Real time relative navigation thanks to direct radio data exchange capabilities with the space station.
 * New digital radio that enables enhanced TV camera view for the docking operations.
 * The Ukrainian Chezara Kvant-V on board radio system and antenna/feeder system has been replaced with a Unified Command Telemetry System (UCTS).
 * Replacement of the Kurs A with Kurs NA digital system.

Pre-launch
In 2014, the launch was planned for 1 July 2018, rescheduled for 5 June 2019 and rescheduled to 31 July 2019. The liftoff had been initially set for the two-day rendezvous profile with the station, but the launch time was later shifted to enable a two-orbit (three-hour) flight to the station.

Launch
Progress MS-12 was launched on 31 July 2019, at 12:10:46 UTC from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, using a Soyuz-2.1a rocket.

Docking
Progress MS-12 docked with the Pirs docking module. The docking took place 3 hours 18 minutes 31 seconds into the mission (a new record time).

Cargo
The Progress MS-12 spacecraft delivered 1164 kg of dry cargo (in the cargo compartment).
 * 420 kg of water (in the Rodnik-system tanks)
 * 51 kg of oxygen (in pressurized bottles)
 * 850 kg of propellant in the refueling section
 * 880 kg of propellant in the integrated propulsion system to the International Space Station.

The dry cargo consisted of:
 * 394 kg of hardware for onboard systems
 * 27 kg of medical supplies
 * 1 kg of personal protective gear
 * 190 kg of hygiene items
 * 7 kg of repairs and servicing equipment
 * 20 kg of means of crew support
 * 282 kg of food
 * 13 kg of payloads
 * 38 kg of structural components and other hardware
 * 192 kg of NASA cargo.

Undocking and decay
The Progress MS-12 craft undocked from ISS on 29 November 2019 at 10:25 UTC, initiated braking maneuver at 13:39 UTC, re-entered Earth's atmosphere at 14:11 UTC (end of mission), with any remaining debris impacting a remote part of Pacific Ocean at 14:19 UTC.