Sèvres

Sèvres is a French commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris. It is located 9.9 km from the centre of Paris, in the Hauts-de-Seine department of the Île-de-France region. The commune, which had a population of 23,251 as of 2018, is known for its famous porcelain production at the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, which was also where the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was signed.

Situation
Sèvres is a commune in the western suburbs of Paris, 10.3 km to the southwest of the centre of Paris, with an eastern edge by the river Seine. The commune borders Île Seguin, an island in the Seine, in the commune of Boulogne-Billancourt, adjoining Sèvres.

Geology and landforms
The area of the commune is 391 ha. The altitude varies between 27-171 m.

Work at Sèvres, including for the construction of the expressway, permitted an update of interesting fossils in different geological layers. Notably, in chalk, some types of sea urchins, belemnite beaks, rhynchonellas and oysters were found; in the coarse limestone, ammonites.

Hydrography

 * The Seine
 * The which empties into the Seine 80 m upstream of the Pont de Sèvres.

Climate
The climate of île-de-France is oceanic. The popular observation stations for meteorology at Sèvres are Orly Airport and Vélizy – Villacoublay Air Base.

The climate in the departments of the small Parisian crown is characterised by sunshine and relatively low precipitation. The following table allows a comparison of the Île-de-France climate with that of some large French cities:

The following table shows the monthly averages of temperature and precipitation for the station of Orly collected over the period 1961–1990:

Roads
Sèvres is traversed from side to side by the RN 10, today downgraded and allowing connection of the city to Boulogne-Billancourt and Chaville. It is also the starting point of the RN 118 at the level of the Pont de Sèvres.

Cycle paths
Sèvres presents a main traffic artery which supports important transit traffic at morning and evening peak hours. This allows preservation of its secondary residential purpose from suffering the negative effects of through traffic, and on which the development zone 30 was under study, as early as 2007. The city hall has, however, launched a reconsideration on these routes for sharing public spaces in favour of soft links (comfortable pavements, if possible with the development of cycle paths) and the use of public transit where they pass (comfortable bus stops, creation of own sites where technical conditions permit). Since November 2011, fifteen streets have two-way cycle lanes. They are the subject of ground markings and installation of specific signaling panels:


 * Avenue de la Cristallerie
 * Rue Brancas, between the Rue de Ville-d'Avray and Rue Bernard-Palissy
 * Grande Rue, between the Rue de Ville-d'Avray and the Place Gabriel-Péri
 * Rue du Docteur Gabriel-Ledermann, between the Rue de Rueil and Rue Jules Sandeau
 * Rue Riocreux, between Place Pierre-Brossolette and Rue de Ville d'Avray
 * Rue Brongniart
 * Rue Léon Journault (between Avenue Camille Sée and Sente Brézin) then Rue Victor-Hugo
 * Rue des Bas-Tillets between Rue Benoît Malon and the Rue de la Garenne
 * Rue Albert Dammouse, between Rue Avice and the Stade des Fontaines turn
 * Rue Rouget-de-l'Isle
 * Rue Jules-Ferry
 * Rue du Docteur Roux
 * Rue Charles-Vaillant
 * Rue Jean-Jaurès
 * Rue des Verrières

Public transport
Bus routes, 171, 179, and of the RATP bus network, route  of the Établissement Transdev de Nanterre [Transdev establishment of Nanterre], route  in the  and at night by  and  of the Noctilien route network. The city makes one minibus available to people with reduced mobility, L'autre Bus [The Other Bus].

Rail
Sèvres is served by on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse suburban rail line.

It is also served by Sèvres–Ville-d'Avray station on the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line.

It is also served by the Musée de Sèvres and Brimborion stations on Line 2 of the Tramway of Île-de-France which links Paris - Porte de Versailles and La Défense.

Urban morphology
INSEE has divided the commune into ten islets grouped for statistical information.

The commune of Sèvres includes 16 quarters, named as follows:

Housing
In the project planning and sustainable development (PADD) approved 10 May 2007, the commune displays an ambition to maintain its population around its situation of early 2005. It has a commitment to offer every household in the commune the opportunity to live and grow in Sèvres, and a stake in preserving its fabric of facilities and local businesses. Studies conducted in the context of the show that by 2015, this would involve the construction of approximately 40 homes per year (taking into account of the transformation of the former park, of the reduction of the vacancy rate and the loosening of household size) to maintain the communal population.

In 2005, the commune had 24.5% of its total as social housing. These homes are mostly located along the RD 910, around the city centre. The commune displays a desire to preserve this social mix by ensuring a diversity of different types of housing, under the framework of future construction operations. As such, it shows the will to maintain its social housing stock at around 25% of the total stock of main residences. On the other hand, private rental declined between 1990 and 1999. An effort in favour of this type of housing will be always sought in order to maintain the diversity of population profiles. Some areas of the city are poorly provided with social housing, and the development of this type of housing should allow a better balance across the commune.

Development projects
The main projects are:


 * The reconstruction of the Croix Bosset school
 * The development of links between the banks of the Seine, the city, parks and woodlands by pedestrian openings designed to develop a frame of soft east–west links. Such as linking Saint-Cloud Park / île Monsieur, between Brimborion Park and the Brimborion tram station, along the Seine, a development project of the entrance of Sèvres and the vicinity of the Museum of Manufacturing by the creation of a pedestrian/bicycle along the Grande Rue, behind the wall of the Museum.

Toponymy
The name of the locality is attested as Savara in the 6th century, originating from the name of the stream which followed the Valley of Viroflay, Chaville, Sèvres. Then in the forms of Villa Savara in the 6th century, Saura, Saure, Savra, Saevara in the 11th century, Severa, Sepera and Separa in the 13th century, Sevra, Sièvre, Saives, Sèvre-en-France-lez-paris from the 14th century, before Sèvres.

Sèvres took the name of the river which ran through it. Sèvres includes radical sav-, sab-, in the sense of "hollow" or radical sam- "quiet". These radicals are often used in hydronymy.

The root is the same for the Sèvre Nantaise and the Sèvre Niortaise which gave its name to the Department of the Deux-Sèvres.

History


A treaty was signed in the large room which currently houses the Museum of Porcelain at Sèvres, it was a peace treaty between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire, to the detriment of the latter.
 * The town of Sèvres existed in 560, when Saint Germain, Bishop of Paris, healed a sick person and built the church.
 * The Church of Saint-Romain-de-Blaye, current and several times revised, dates from the 13th century. There was a seigniorial château.
 * The manufacture de Sèvres was formed in 1750, by the Ferme générale; they were held by the Marquis de Fulvi who operated at Vincennes.
 * In 1756, Madame de Pompadour transferred the Vincennes porcelain factory to Sèvres. It was moved to the location of the Guyarde, the former resort of Lully.
 * In 1760, Louis XV bought the factory which thus becomes 'royal'.
 * The Pont de Sèvres, which was of wood, was begun in stone in 1809 and finished in 1820.
 * In 1815, the inhabitants of Sèvres, along with some soldiers, tried to resist the Prussians who occupied and looted Sèvres, despite the capitulation signed at Saint-Cloud.
 * The Treaty of Sèvres (10 August 1920)

Protocols of Sèvres (sometimes referred to as 'agreements') are a secret seven-point agreement recording in writing a tripartite agreement between Israel, France and Great Britain in response to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian leader Nasser.
 * The Protocols of Sèvres (21 to 24 October 1956)


 * In 1961, the renovation of old town centre, which was unhealthy, accompanied by the deviation of the RN 10, was committed to by the municipality of Dr. Odic, and included the demolition of 1,500 houses and the construction of 1,600 new houses, along with 42000 m2 of offices or commercial premises. The municipality of Jean Caillonneau redirected urbanisation at the end of the 1980s to promote the establishment of offices in order to "remake Sèvres as a dynamic and industrious city".

Political trends and results
Since the elections of 2007, Sèvres belongs to the communes of more than 3,500 inhabitants, using voting machines.

In the referendum on the Constitutional Treaty for Europe on 29 May 2005, the Sevriens mostly voted for the European Constitution, with 69.93% in favour against 30.07% not in favour, with a 24.08% abstention rate (entire France: No at 54.67%, Yes at 45.33%).

At the 2007 French presidential election, the first round saw Nicolas Sarkozy in the lead with 35.58% or 4,750 votes, followed by Ségolène Royal with 26,09% or 3,212 votes, and then François Bayrou with 23.35% or 2,875 votes, no other candidates exceeded the threshold of 5%. In the second round, 56.40% or 6,661 voted for Nicolas Sarkozy with 43.60% or 5,149 voting for Ségolène Royal, a result which was more disposed than the national average. In the second round, 53.06% voted for Nicolas Sarkozy and 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. For this presidential election, the turnout rate was very high. There were 18,455 registered voters in Sèvres, 89.56% or 16,528 voters participated in the ballot, the abstention rate was 10.44% or 1,927 votes, with 0.54% or 90 votes conducted as a blank vote, and finally 99.46% or 16,438 votes were cast.

In the, a list of the Miscellaneous Right led by Grégoire de La Roncière opposed the list led by the outgoing mayor, (UMP), and then by Laurence Roux-Fouillet after the withdrawal of the latter. In the second round, on 30 March, the Miscellaneous Right list gained two more votes than the UMP list (3279 votes against 3277). On 4 April, Grégoire de La Roncière was elected Mayor of Sèvres by the new municipal council.

Municipal government
Sèvres has implemented a Communal Youth Council, so as to involve young people in the life of the commune.

List of mayors
Since 1971, five mayors have succeeded in Sèvres:

Judicial and administrative authorities
Sèvres is within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal d'instance as well as in that of the police court in Boulogne-Billancourt.

Environmental policy
The municipality wishes to enhance its environmental richness (forests, banks of the Seine, built heritage, topography, etc.) which is an asset in terms of image for the city and quality of life for its inhabitants: "It should preserve those elements which are the links of a string of parks and gardens which are also involved in large landscape continuity, of opportunities for walks and tours at an intercommunal level".

Twin towns
Sèvres is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Wolfenbüttel, Germany, since 1980
 * 🇺🇸 Mount Prospect, Illinois, United States, since 2000

Furthermore, the commune of Sèvres signed a cooperation agreement with the Mărăcineni commune in Romania, in 1991.

Intercommunality
The commune of Sèvres was a member of the Agglomeration Community of Val de Seine and is a member of the since its inception on 27 November 2008, along with the communes of Boulogne-Billancourt, Chaville, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Meudon, Vanves and Ville-d'Avray.

Demographic evolution
In 2017, the commune had 23,507 inhabitants.

Age structure
The distribution of age groups of the commune of Sèvres and of the department of Hauts-de-Seine are shown below.

Education


The city administers six nursery schools and five primary schools.

The department manages a middle school (collège) and the region of Île-de-France a senior high school/sixth-form college (lycée) by the name of Lycée Jean-Pierre-Vernant in memory of the and historian. The college/high school welcomes the international sections of Sèvres (bilingual French/English and French/German) recognised for their excellence. These prepare undergraduate French and OIB (Baccalauréat International Option).

Sèvres also boasts a private institution (school and college): The Jeanne-d'Arc [Joan of Arc] School.

The, a private engineering college is also installed on the territory of the commune, in the middle of the technical centre of the foundry industries

Strate School of Design a private institution for technical education teaching industrial design, 3D modeling and design thinking is also located in Sèvres.

History of education
The operated from September 1941, under the direction of Yvonne Hagnauer (Goéland), until November 1958 at 14 Rue Croix-Bosset. It then moved to the Château de Bussières, on the opposite bank of the Seine. In 1991 it became the College Jean-Marie-Guyot.

The École normale supérieure of young girls was created in Sèvres in 1881. It then moved to Boulevard Jourdan, Paris, before merging with the École Normale Supérieure, in 1985. It held the old buildings of the porcelain factory, which today houses the.

Cultural events and festivities


On the last Saturday of September is "The Dictation of Sèvres" writing competition. This has been held since 2007.

Health
Sèvres is home to one of the sites of the Centre Hospitalier de 4 Villes [Central Hospital of 4 cities]. Since 1 January 2006, this centre brings together the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Jean Rostand, (which already included Chaville, Sèvres and Ville d'Avray) and the Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Cloud. The site of Sèvres specialises in hospitalisation and consultation in maternity/gynaecology/fertility and medical services.

Sport
Sèvres hosts the French Federation of Sport Blowgun (France Sport Blowgun Association), founded in 2004 by Stéphane Jouanneau (Blowgun Long-Distance Vice World Champion).

The Sèvres Football Club senior team is currently coached by Alexandre Matejic, a former professional footballer, and winner of the with Toulouse FC. Operating in the departmental divisions, Sèvres FC just missed reaching the 4th round of the Coupe de France 2008–2009. Indeed, playing against Red Star (then in CFA) at the Fountains Stadium, Sèvres FC opened the score in the 7th minute through Thomas Millet. The score remained at 1-0 for seventy-five minutes, until the equalisation by Demba Diagouraga, for the team from Saint-Ouen. The Sèvres team, however, collapsed in overtime and lost four goals, giving the 'Greens' a 5–1 win after extra time.

Having been a location which the 2012 Tour de France passed through on that year's final stage, Sèvres will host the departure for Stage 21, the final stage of the 2015 Tour de France, on 26 July, heading towards the year's ultimate finish line on the Champs-Élysées.

Media
Sèvres has been host to the internet radio station GOOM Radio, since 2007.

Worship
Sèvres has places of Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Protestant and Buddhist worship.

Catholic worship
Since January 2010, the commune of Sèvres is part of the deanery of the hills, one of the nine deaneries of the Diocese of Nanterre.

Within this deanery, places of Catholic worship under the two parishes of Sèvres are:


 * Parish of Saint-Romain:
 * Parish of Notre-Dame-des-Bruyères: Notre-Dame des Bruyères.

Protestant worship
Reformed Church of France (Sequoia Parish Centre)

Jewish worship
Jewish Community of Sèvres

Muslim worship
Association of Muslims of Sèvres

Buddhist faith
It is at Sèvres where the is situated.

Income of the population and taxation
In 2010, the median taxable household income was €44,450, which ranked Sèvres at 960th position among the 31,525 communes with more than 39 households in metropolitan France.

Employment
In 2007, the communal employment rate was close to 100% (10,369 jobs for 10,607 employable people who resided in Sèvres), which corresponds to the objective which was set out in the blueprint of the Val de Seine, to the horizon of 2015.

Places and monuments
The commune includes many listed monuments in the.

The Church of Saint-Romain-de-Blaye


The church offers an amalgam of Gothic, redesigned and damaged by the 17th century: Outdoors, there is a clerestory tower which was disfigured. The rounded roof has been largely preserved, but it is much uncovered. The Way of the Cross, painted on porcelain, comes from the Manufacture de Sèvres, and stained glass windows, more than a century old. This church was inaugurated several times.

It was founded by the Merovingian King Dagobert II in the 7th century, it was a Royal Parish under Marie Leszczyńska. The first municipal assembly, created by the edict of 1787, consisted of two members: The lord, namely King Louis XVI, and the priest, as well as nine other elected members. This assembly met in the church at the end of vespers or high mass.

This church was listed in the inventory of historical monuments in 1937.

Its bell, called Anette, was blessed in 1760 and listed in the inventory of historical monuments on 27 April 1944.

The rectory was built between 1744 and 1786.

The Church of Our Lady of Bruyères


This chapel was built in 1930, on the edge of the Route des Gardes. Established as a parish in 1962, destroyed in 1971, it was rebuilt at 23 rue du Docteur Roux in 1968.

The Armenian College
This building, located 26 Rue Troyon, was given to the Pompadour for a school for girls. It was rebuilt for Bacler d'Albe between 1816 (cadastre) and 1824 (death of general). Occupied in 1898 by a convalescent home for colonial soldiers, it is currently the Samuel Moorat Armenian College, but it is currently threatened, taking into account its state.

The manufacture of crystals of the Queen
The building of this factory, located at 16 Rue Troyon and built in 1744, was classified in the inventory of historical monuments on 1 December 1986.

The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres


The current building dates from 1876. This building was classified in the inventory of historical monuments on 30 October 1935. The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres is a public establishment manufacturing ceramic in the tradition of the 18th century.

The Maison des Jardies
The is the home of Balzac, Corot and Gambetta who died there on 31 December 1882.

This house, located 14 Avenue Gambetta, had been bought by Balzac, which he occupied from 1837 to 1840, and was then leased by Gambetta in 1878.

National Ceramic Museum
Founded in 1824 by Alexandre Brongniart, director of the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, under the name of Ceramic and Vitric Museum. Anxious to present the history of the techniques of ceramics and vitreous materials, through the world and eras, the latter was one of the collections of ceramics of the most varied. The Museum brings together an exceptional selection of pottery, ceramics and porcelain.

Tinh Tam Buddhist Temple
The magnificent Buddhist temple or is one of the busiest in France.

Castel Henriette Villa
Castel Henriette,   built in 1899–1900, was an important Art Nouveau work by the architect Hector Guimard; it was demolished in 1969.

Stone quarries
These stone quarries were dug into the hillside and used for wine storage in 1740, divided into 30 galleries including one called Royal Gallery; converted into a brasserie in 1840, which burned down in 1880 and was rebuilt in 1898.

Religious institutions
The presence of nuns who teach at Sèvres dates back to 1788, when an act provided for the education of poor girls by four sisters of charity. At Sèvres, on Rue Gabriel Péri, were formerly the convent, school and boarding school of the Dominican teachers of Most Holy-Rosary of Sèvres, work encouraged by the Holy curé d'Ars, founded by the Sister Marie-Rose of the Sacred Heart Order of Preachers at the end of the 19th century, with Fr. Codant, in 1858, of which novices carried the name of servants of the Sacred Heart and had several foundations, in San Remo for example during the exile from France in 1903, and also an orphanage, Rue Troyon (they returned to France in 1913 and asked for Government permission to reopen a novitiate). During the war an ambulance and infirmary for wounded soldiers was installed in the convent.
 * Boarding school of the Dominicans:

On some old postcards, one can admire the Chapel of the Assumptionists, located at 14 Rue de la Croix-Bosset in the quarter of La Croix-Bosset. This property, acquired on 30 April 1874, was offered to the religious of the assumption at the end of the year 1877 to become the Paris novitiate outside the city. The Oblates of the Assumption also settled in Sèvres and then a community of Assumptionist sisters. Finally, the religious of the province of Paris between 1946 and 1964, a lively centre of Saint-Étienne in Sèvres, on Avenue Division Leclerc, a community called La Cloche, close to the Renault factories.
 * Novitiate of the Assumptionists:

Sèvres and artworks


Sèvres, near Paris but very rustic, attracted the greatest painters:


 * Samuel William Reynolds painted Saint-Cloud et le pont de Sèvres (Musée Condé, Chantilly)
 * The Douanier Rousseau painted in 1908 a Vue du pont de Sèvres (The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow)
 * Sisley, who lived in Grand-Rue, painted the former factory, the bridge and the banks of the Seine, paths
 * Corot is painted his famous Chemin de Sèvres (Musée du Louvre)
 * Paul Huet painted are tasty and country views as possible (Musée de l'Île-de-France, Sceaux)
 * Marie Bracquemond, wife of Félix Bracquemond (Le Chemin des Coutures à Sèvres, National Gallery of Canada) linked to the Group of impressionists and employed at the factory, is painted Sèvres. His most famous work: Sur la terrasse de Sèvres avec Fantin-Latour (leg. Caillebotte).
 * Constant Troyon born in Sèvres in 1810, first painter of the Barbizon school are painted Chemin de forêt and the Maison Colas, the Prise de la culée du pont de Sèvres. Constant Troyon's parents worked at the manufacture de Sèvres, his father as a painter decorator, and his mother as a buffer. He was encouraged in the field of the arts by his godfather, Riocreux, the curator of the Ceramics Museum of Sèvres and a floral painter. He lived with his mother at the factory until the age of twenty. He first exhibited three paintings at the Paris Salon in 1833, including the Vue de la Maison Colas and the Vue de la Fête de Sèvres.
 * Wassily Kandinsky lived for a year in Sèvres, in 1906–1907, at the Rue des Ursulines and then small Rue des Binelles, became Rue Théodore Deck. He painted the La Vie Mélangée.
 * Alain Azémar, a painter from Sèvres, living in the Rue de Caves, a street which was the theatre of many "squats" protest-painted scenes of Sèvres on many occasions. Many of his watercolours were commissioned and are displayed by the city hall.

Sèvres and philately
The French Post Office has developed several times Sèvres à l'Honneur:

On 25 March 1957, a postage stamp was issued with a face value of 30.00 Francs, honouring the Manufacture Nationale de Sèvres, drawn and engraved by Pierre Munier.

On 10 January 2009, a postage stamp was issued with a face value of €0.55, representing a Quimper flat oval earthenware, displayed by the Museum of Sèvres.

Sèvres and television
The city of Sèvres is the scene for the filming of the French television series Fais pas ci, fais pas ça.

Personalities linked to the commune

 * Andrew Albicy basketball player
 * Demba Ba - Senegalese international football player
 * Maurice Béné (1884-1960), politician
 * André Bizette-Lindet, sculptor, died in Sèvres in 1988
 * Yamoudou Camara - French football player
 * Manu Chao - Hispano-French musician
 * Issiar Dia - Senegalese international football player
 * Pierre Louis Félix Lanquetot (1880–1974) - French brigadier general
 * Allan Linguet (born 1999), footballer
 * Benoit Mozin (1769–1857), French composer, died in Sèvres
 * Iliana Rupert (born 2001), basketball player
 * Georges Salles (1889–1966), art historian, was born in Sèvres
 * Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914–2007), historian, died in Sèvres
 * Karim Ziani - Algerian international football player