SPARQL

SPARQL (pronounced "sparkle", a recursive acronym for SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) is an RDF query language—that is, a semantic query language for databases—able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework (RDF) format. It was made a standard by the RDF Data Access Working Group (DAWG) of the World Wide Web Consortium, and is recognized as one of the key technologies of the semantic web. On 15 January 2008, SPARQL 1.0 was acknowledged by W3C as an official recommendation, and SPARQL 1.1 in March, 2013.

SPARQL allows for a query to consist of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns.

Implementations for multiple programming languages exist. There exist tools that allow one to connect and semi-automatically construct a SPARQL query for a SPARQL endpoint, for example ViziQuer. In addition, tools exist to translate SPARQL queries to other query languages, for example to SQL and to XQuery.

Advantages
SPARQL allows users to write queries against what can loosely be called "key-value" data or, more specifically, data that follow the RDF specification of the W3C. Thus, the entire database is a set of "subject-predicate-object" triples. This is analogous to some NoSQL databases' usage of the term "document-key-value", such as MongoDB.

In SQL relational database terms, RDF data can also be considered a table with three columns – the subject column, the predicate column, and the object column. The subject in RDF is analogous to an entity in a SQL database, where the data elements (or fields) for a given business object are placed in multiple columns, sometimes spread across more than one table, and identified by a unique key. In RDF, those fields are instead represented as separate predicate/object rows sharing the same subject, often the same unique key, with the predicate being analogous to the column name and the object the actual data. Unlike relational databases, the object column is heterogeneous: the per-cell data type is usually implied (or specified in the ontology) by the predicate value. Also unlike SQL, RDF can have multiple entries per predicate; for instance, one could have multiple "child" entries for a single "person", and can return collections of such objects, like "children".

Thus, SPARQL provides a full set of analytic query operations such as,  ,   for data whose schema is intrinsically part of the data rather than requiring a separate schema definition. However, schema information (the ontology) is often provided externally, to allow joining of different datasets unambiguously. In addition, SPARQL provides specific graph traversal syntax for data that can be thought of as a graph.

The example below demonstrates a simple query that leverages the ontology definition  ("friend of a friend").

Specifically, the following query returns names and emails of every person in the dataset:

This query joins together all of the triples with a matching subject, where the type predicate, " ", is a person, and the person has one or more names and mailboxes.

For the sake of readability, the author of this query chose to reference the subject using the variable name " ". Since the first element of the triple is always the subject, the author could have just as easily used any variable name, such as " " or " ". Whatever name is chosen, it must be the same on each line of the query to signify that the query engine is to join triples with the same subject.

The result of the join is a set of rows –,  ,. This query returns the  and   because   is often a complex URI rather than a human-friendly string. Note that any  may have multiple mailboxes, so in the returned set, a   row may appear multiple times, once for each mailbox.

This query can be distributed to multiple SPARQL endpoints (services that accept SPARQL queries and return results), computed, and results gathered, a procedure known as federated query.

Whether in a federated manner or locally, additional triple definitions in the query could allow joins to different subject types, such as automobiles, to allow simple queries, for example, to return a list of names and emails for people who drive automobiles with a high fuel efficiency.

Query forms
In the case of queries that read data from the database, the SPARQL language specifies four different query variations for different purposes. Each of these query forms takes a  block to restrict the query, although, in the case of the   query, the   is optional.
 * query: Used to extract raw values from a SPARQL endpoint, the results are returned in a table format.
 * query: Used to extract information from the SPARQL endpoint and transform the results into valid RDF.
 * query: Used to provide a simple True/False result for a query on a SPARQL endpoint.
 * query: Used to extract an RDF graph from the SPARQL endpoint, the content of which is left to the endpoint to decide, based on what the maintainer deems as useful information.

SPARQL 1.1 specifies a language for updating the database with several new query forms.

Example
Another SPARQL query example that models the question "What are all the country capitals in Africa?":

Variables are indicated by a  or   prefix. Bindings for  and the   will be returned. When a triple ends with a semicolon, the subject from this triple will implicitly complete the following pair to an entire triple. So for example  is short for.

The SPARQL query processor will search for sets of triples that match these four triple patterns, binding the variables in the query to the corresponding parts of each triple. Important to note here is the "property orientation" (class matches can be conducted solely through class-attributes or properties – see Duck typing).

To make queries concise, SPARQL allows the definition of prefixes and base URIs in a fashion similar to Turtle. In this query, the prefix " " stands for “ ”.

Extensions
GeoSPARQL defines filter functions for geographic information system (GIS) queries using well-understood OGC standards (GML, WKT, etc.).

SPARUL is another extension to SPARQL. It enables the RDF store to be updated with this declarative query language, by adding  and   methods.

XSPARQL is an integrated query language combining XQuery with SPARQL to query both XML and RDF data sources at once.

Implementations
Open source, reference SPARQL implementations


 * RDF4J, formerly Sesame from Eclipse Foundation
 * Jena (framework) from Apache Software Foundation
 * OpenLink Virtuoso

See List of SPARQL implementations for more comprehensive coverage, including triplestore, APIs, and other storages that have implemented the SPARQL standard.