Savant syndrome

Savant syndrome is a phenomenon where someone demonstrates exceptional aptitude in one domain, such as art or mathematics, despite significant social or intellectual impairment.

Those with the condition generally have a neurodevelopmental condition, such as autism, or have experienced a brain injury. About half of cases are associated with autism, and these individuals may be known as Autistic savant. The other half often have some form of central nervous system injury or disease. While the condition usually becomes apparent in childhood, some cases develop later in life. It is not recognized as a mental disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), as it relates to parts of the brain healing or restructuring.

Savant syndrome is estimated to affect around one in a million people. The condition affects more males than females, at a ratio of 6:1. The first medical account of the condition was in 1783. It is estimated that between 0.5% up to 10% of those with autism have some form of savant abilities. It is estimated that there are currently living fewer than a hundred prodigious savants, with skills so extraordinary that they would be considered spectacular even for a non-impaired person.

Signs and symptoms
Savant skills are usually found in one or more of five major areas: art, memory, arithmetic, musical abilities, and spatial skills. The most common kinds of savants are calendrical savants, "human calendars" who can calculate the day of the week for any given date with speed and accuracy, or recall personal memories from any given date. Advanced memory is the key "superpower" in savant abilities.

Calendrical savants
A calendrical savant (or calendar savant) is someone who – despite having an intellectual disability – can name the day of the week of a date, or vice versa, on a limited range of decades or certain millennia. The rarity of human calendar calculators is possibly due to the lack of motivation to develop such skills among the general population, although mathematicians have developed formulas that allow them to obtain similar skills. Calendrical savants, on the other hand, may not be prone to invest in socially engaging skills.

Psychological
No widely accepted cognitive theory explains savants' combination of talent and deficit. It has been suggested that individuals with autism are biased towards detail-focused processing and that this cognitive style predisposes individuals either with or without autism to savant talents. Another hypothesis is that savants hyper-systemize, thereby giving an impression of talent. Hyper-systemizing is an extreme state in the empathizing–systemizing theory that classifies people based on their skills in empathizing with others versus systemizing facts about the external world. Also, the attention to detail of savants is a consequence of enhanced perception or sensory hypersensitivity in these unique individuals. It has also been hypothesized that some savants operate by directly accessing deep, unfiltered information that exists in all human brains that is not normally available to conscious awareness.

Neurological
In some cases, savant syndrome can be induced following severe head trauma to the left anterior temporal lobe. Savant syndrome has been artificially replicated using low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation to temporarily disable this area of the brain.

Epidemiology
There are no objectively definitive statistics about how many people have savant skills. The estimates range from "exceedingly rare" to one in ten people with autism having savant skills in varying degrees. A 2009 British study of 137 parents of autistic children found that 28% believe their children met the criteria for a savant skill, defined as a skill or power "at a level that would be unusual even for 'normal' people". As many as 50 cases of sudden or acquired savant syndrome have been reported.

Males diagnosed with savant syndrome outnumber females by roughly 6:1 (in Finland), slightly higher than the sex ratio disparity for autism spectrum disorders of 4.3:1.

History
The term idiot savant (French for "learned idiot") was first used to describe the condition in 1887 by John Langdon Down, who is known for his description of Down syndrome. Down described approximately ten cases of youth he had known with unusual mental powers, like "verbal adhesion" (eg. memorizing books read once), photographic memory for artistic drawing or model-building or music, autobiographical memory, arithmetic & calendrical calculation, & always knowing the current time down to the minute. Down noted that they were all male, none had a family history of similar talents, and that the extraordinary memory was usually associated with "very great defect of reasoning power".

The term idiot savant was later described as a misnomer because not all reported cases fit the definition of idiot, originally used for a person with a very severe intellectual disability. The term autistic savant was also used as a description of the disorder. Like idiot savant, the term came to be considered a misnomer because only half of those who were diagnosed with savant syndrome were autistic. Upon realization of the need for accuracy of diagnosis and dignity towards the individual, the term savant syndrome became widely accepted terminology.

Notable cases

 * Daniel Tammet, British author and polyglot
 * Derek Paravicini, British blind musical prodigy and pianist
 * Henriett Seth F., Hungarian autistic writer and artist
 * Nadia Chomyn, British autistic artist
 * Kim Peek, American "megasavant"
 * Leslie Lemke, American musician
 * Rex Lewis-Clack, American pianist and musical savant
 * Matt Savage, American musician
 * Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist
 * Temple Grandin, American professor of animal science
 * Tom Wiggins, American blind pianist and composer
 * Tommy McHugh, British artist and poet
 * Kodi Lee, 2019 America's Got Talent winner (musician)

Acquired cases

 * Alonzo Clemons, American acquired savant sculptor
 * Anthony Cicoria, American acquired savant pianist and medical doctor
 * Derek Amato, American acquired savant composer and pianist
 * Patrick Fagerberg, American acquired savant artist, inventor and former lawyer
 * Orlando Serrell, American acquired savant
 * Jason Padgett, American acquired savant and artist

Fictional cases

 * Shaun Murphy, autistic savant in the 2017 American medical drama television series The Good Doctor.
 * Raymond Babbitt, autistic savant in the 1988 film Rain Man (inspired by Kim Peek)
 * Park Shi-on, autistic savant in the 2013 South Korean medical drama Good Doctor
 * Kazan, autistic savant in the 1997 film Cube
 * Kazuo Kiriyama, main antagonist in the Japan 1999 novel Battle Royale
 * Jeong Jae-hee, autistic savant in the 2021 South Korean psychological drama Mouse
 * Patrick Obyedkov, acquired savant in a 2007 episode of the U.S. medical drama House.
 * Woo Young-woo, autistic savant in the 2022 South Korean legal drama Extraordinary Attorney Woo.
 * Mashiro Shiina, savant in the 2012 anime series The Pet Girl of Sakurasou.
 * Forrest Gump, savant in the 1986 novel Forrest Gump by Winston Groom.
 * Sherlock Holmes's deductive skills in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novels is inline with him being an autistic savant.
 * Will Hunting from the film Good Will Hunting is an mathematical genius and savant.
 * Sheldon Cooper is an autistic (Aspergers) savant with an eidetic memory and exceptional mathematical skills.
 * John Nash from A Beautiful Mind is a savant that made a large contribution to game theory who struggles with schizophrenia.
 * Elizabeth Harmon from The Queen's Gambit is a savant with an interest in chess.
 * Dr House from House MD is a medical savant.