Siddhaṃ script

 (also ' ), also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā''', is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts.

The word means "accomplished" or "perfected" in Sanskrit. The script received its name from the practice of writing ', or ' (may there be perfection), at the head of documents. Other names for the script include bonji (梵字) lit. "Brahma's characters" and "Sanskrit script" and lit. "Siddhaṃ script".

History
The script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.

Many Buddhist texts taken to China along the Silk Road were written using a version of the script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly, it was used for transmitting the Buddhist tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the script in East Asia. The practice of writing using survived in East Asia where Tantric Buddhism persisted.

Kūkai introduced the script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (734–c. 810). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding Abbasid Caliphate.

In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a series of purges of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of texts. In time, other scripts, particularly Devanagari, replaced in India, while 's northeastern derivative called Gaudi evolved to become the Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and also the Nepalese scripts in the eastern and northeastern regions of South Asia, leaving East Asia as the only region where  is still used.

There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in Central Asia, as well, by the early 7th century.

As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.

Characteristics
is an abugida rather than an alphabet, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the anusvara and visarga. A virama can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.

Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).

Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The nuqta is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.

Vowels

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Independent form!!Romanized!!As diacritic with !!Independent form!!Romanized!!As diacritic with
 * - style="font-size:80%;"
 * siddham a.svg|||| siddham kya.svg
 * siddham aa.svg|||| siddham kyaa.svg
 * siddham i.svg|||| siddham kyi.svg
 * siddham ii.svg|||| siddham kyii.svg
 * siddham u.svg|||| siddham kyu.svg
 * siddham uu.svg|||| siddham kyuu.svg
 * siddham e.svg|||| siddham kye.svg
 * siddham ai.svg|||| siddham kyai.svg
 * siddham o.svg|||| siddham kyo.svg
 * siddham au.svg|||| siddham kyau.svg
 * siddham am.svg|||| siddham kyam.svg
 * siddham ah.svg|||| siddham kyah.svg
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 * siddham au.svg|||| siddham kyau.svg
 * siddham am.svg|||| siddham kyam.svg
 * siddham ah.svg|||| siddham kyah.svg
 * }
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * +Alternative forms
 * siddham aa1.svg
 * siddham i1.svg
 * siddham i2.svg
 * siddham ii1.svg
 * siddham ii2.svg
 * siddham u1.svg
 * siddham uu1.svg
 * siddham o1.svg
 * siddham au1.svg
 * siddham am1.svg
 * }
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!Independent form!!Romanized!!As diacritic with !!Independent form!!Romanized!!As diacritic with
 * - style="font-size:80%"
 * siddham ri.svg|||| siddham kri.svg
 * siddham rii.svg||||
 * siddham li.svg||||style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * siddham lii.svg||||style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * }
 * siddham lii.svg||||style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * }

Consonants

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!rowspan="2"| !colspan="5"|Stop !rowspan="2"|Approximant !rowspan="2"|Fricative ! style="font-size:80%"|Tenuis ! style="font-size:80%"|Aspirated ! style="font-size:80%"|Voiced ! style="font-size:80%"|Breathy voiced ! style="font-size:80%"|Nasal !Glottal !Velar !Palatal !Retroflex !Dental !Bilabial !Labiodental
 * colspan="6" style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * siddham h.svg
 * siddham k.svg
 * siddham kh.svg
 * siddham g.svg
 * siddham gh.svg
 * siddham ng.svg
 * colspan="2" style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * siddham c.svg
 * siddham ch.svg
 * siddham j.svg
 * siddham jh.svg
 * siddham ny2.svg
 * siddham y.svg
 * siddham sh1.svg
 * siddham tt.svg
 * siddham tth.svg
 * siddham dd.svg
 * siddham ddh.svg
 * siddham nn.svg
 * siddham r.svg
 * siddham ss.svg
 * siddham t.svg
 * siddham th.svg
 * siddham d.svg
 * siddham dh2.svg
 * siddham n.svg
 * siddham l.svg
 * siddham s.svg
 * siddham p.svg
 * siddham ph.svg
 * siddham b.svg
 * siddham bh.svg
 * siddham m.svg
 * colspan="2" style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * colspan="5" style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * siddham v3.svg
 * colspan="1" style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * +Conjuncts in alphabet
 * siddham kss.svg
 * style="background:#dddddd;"| siddham llm.svg
 * }
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * +Alternative forms
 * siddham ch1.svg
 * siddham j1.svg
 * siddham ny.svg
 * Siddham tt1.svg
 * Siddham tth1.svg
 * Siddham ddh1.svg
 * Siddham ddh2.svg
 * siddham nn1.svg
 * siddham nn3.svg
 * Siddham th1.svg
 * Siddham th2.svg
 * siddham dh.svg
 * Siddham n2.svg
 * Siddham m1.svg
 * Siddham sh.svg
 * Siddham sh2.svg
 * Siddham v.svg
 * }
 * }

Conjuncts

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! k$$\cdots$$kṣ !! -ya !! -ra !! -la !! -va !! -ma !! -na
 * siddham k.svg
 * siddham kya.svg
 * siddham kra.svg
 * siddham kla.svg
 * siddham kva.svg
 * siddham kma.svg
 * siddham kna1.svg
 * siddham rka.svg
 * siddham rkya.svg
 * siddham rkra.svg
 * siddham rkla.svg
 * siddham rkva.svg
 * siddham rkma.svg
 * siddham rkna.svg
 * siddham kh.svg
 * colspan="6"| $$\cdots $$
 * colspan="7"|$$\vdots $$   total 68 rows.
 * }
 * ↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 * colspan="7"|$$\vdots $$   total 68 rows.
 * }
 * ↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * siddham ngka1.svg
 * siddham ngkha.svg
 * siddham ngga1.svg
 * siddham nggha.svg
 * siddham nyca.svg
 * siddham nycha.svg
 * siddham nyja1.svg
 * Siddham nyjha.svg
 * siddham nntta.svg
 * siddham nnttha.svg
 * siddham nndda.svg
 * siddham nnddha.svg
 * siddham nta.svg
 * siddham ntha.svg
 * siddham nda.svg
 * siddham ndha1.svg
 * siddham mpa.svg
 * siddham mpha.svg
 * siddham mba.svg
 * siddham mbha.svg
 * }
 * siddham mpa.svg
 * siddham mpha.svg
 * siddham mba.svg
 * siddham mbha.svg
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * siddham ngya1.svg
 * siddham ngra.svg
 * siddham ngla.svg
 * siddham ngva.svg
 * style="background:#dddddd;"|
 * siddham ngsha.svg
 * siddham ngssa.svg
 * siddham ngsa.svg
 * siddham ngha.svg
 * siddham ngkssa.svg
 * }
 * siddham ngkssa.svg
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable"


 * siddham ska.svg
 * siddham skha.svg
 * siddham dga.svg
 * siddham dgha.svg
 * siddham ngktra.svg
 * siddham wca.svg /
 * siddham wcha.svg /
 * siddham wja.svg /
 * siddham wjha.svg /
 * siddham jny1.svg
 * siddham sstta.svg
 * siddham ssttha.svg
 * siddham ddda.svg
 * siddham dddha.svg
 * siddham ssnya.svg
 * siddham sta.svg
 * siddham stha.svg
 * siddham wda.svg /
 * siddham wdha.svg /
 * siddham rtsna.svg
 * siddham spa.svg
 * siddham spha.svg
 * siddham dba.svg
 * siddham dbha.svg
 * siddham rkssma.svg
 * }
 * siddham spha.svg
 * siddham dba.svg
 * siddham dbha.svg
 * siddham rkssma.svg
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable"


 * siddham rkssvya.svg
 * siddham rkssvrya.svg
 * siddham lta.svg
 * siddham tkva.svg
 * siddham ttsha2.svg
 * siddham ttssa.svg
 * siddham sha.svg
 * siddham bkssa.svg
 * }
 * siddham bkssa.svg
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable"


 * siddham pta.svg
 * siddham ttka.svg
 * siddham dsva.svg
 * siddham ttsschra.svg
 * }
 * }


 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * siddham jja.svg
 * siddham ttttta.svg
 * siddham nnnna.svg
 * siddham tta.svg
 * siddham nna2.svg
 * siddham mma.svg
 * siddham lla.svg
 * siddham vva.svg
 * $$\cdots$$
 * }
 * }


 * Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain.
 * {| class="wikitable"


 * siddham nntta1.svg
 * siddham nnttha1.svg
 * siddham nndda1.svg
 * siddham nnddha1.svg
 * }

ṛ syllables

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * siddham kri.svg
 * siddham khri.svg
 * siddham gri.svg
 * siddham ghri.svg
 * siddham ngri.svg
 * siddham cri.svg
 * siddham chri.svg
 * siddham jri.svg
 * siddham jhri.svg
 * siddham nyri.svg
 * $$\cdots$$
 * }
 * }

Some sample syllables

 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"


 * siddham rka.svg
 * siddham rkaa.svg
 * siddham rki.svg
 * siddham rkii.svg
 * siddham rku.svg
 * siddham rkuu.svg
 * siddham rke.svg
 * siddham rkai.svg
 * siddham rko.svg
 * siddham rkau.svg
 * siddham rkam.svg
 * siddham rkah.svg
 * siddham ngka1.svg
 * siddham ngkaa.svg
 * siddham ngki.svg
 * siddham ngkii.svg
 * siddham ngku.svg
 * siddham ngkuu.svg
 * siddham ngke.svg
 * siddham ngkai.svg
 * siddham ngko.svg
 * siddham ngkau.svg
 * siddham ngkam.svg
 * siddham ngkah.svg
 * }
 * siddham ngkah.svg
 * }

Usage
In Japan, the writing of mantras and copying/reading of sutras using the script is still practiced in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai as well as in the syncretic sect of Shugendō. The characters are known as Bonji (梵字) or shittan (悉曇). The Taishō Tripiṭaka version of the Chinese Buddhist canon preserves the characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists still write bījas in a modified form of. A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese has evolved from the original script used to write sūtras and is now somewhat different from the ancient script.

It is typical to see written with a brush, as with Chinese writing; it is also written with a bamboo pen. In Japan, a special brush called a bokuhitsu (朴筆) is used for formal calligraphy. The informal style is known as "fude" (筆).

Siddhaṃ fonts
is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts, though to date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the conjunct consonants. Notably, the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association has created a font for their electronic version of the Taisho, though this does not contain all possible conjuncts. The software Mojikyo also contains fonts for Siddhaṃ, but split Siddhaṃ in different blocks and requires multiple fonts to render a single document.

A input system which relies on the CBETA font Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.

Unicode
Siddhaṃ script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Siddhaṃ is U+11580–U+115FF:

Gallery
This is a gallery of example usages of the Siddham script.