Ta-Arawakan languages

The Ta-Arawakan languages, also known as Ta-Maipurean and Caribbean, are the Indigenous Arawakan languages of the Caribbean Sea coasts of Central and South America. They are distinguished by the first person pronominal prefix ta-, as opposed to common Arawakan na-.

Languages
Kaufman (1994) provides the following subclassification:


 * Caribbean Arawakan
 * Taíno
 * Guajiro (Wahiro)
 * Wayuu (Guajiro, Wahiro)
 * Paraujano (Parauhano, Añun)
 * Arawák (Lokono)
 * Iñeri (Inyeri)
 * Kalhíphona (Island Carib, modern Garífuna or Black Carib)

Aikhenvald adds Shebayo, which Kaufman had left unclassified, and removes Iñeri from Ta-Arawakan proper:


 * Caribbean Arawakan
 * Iñeri
 * Kalhíphona
 * Ta-Arawakan
 * Taíno
 * Wayuu
 * Parauhano
 * Arawák
 * Shebayo
 * Caquetio

Proto-language
Reconstructions of Proto-Lokono-Guajiro proposed by Captain (1991):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! no. !! gloss !! Proto Lokono-Guajiro
 * 1. || 'abdomen' || *Vteke
 * 2. || 'after' || *dikʰi
 * 3. || 'ant' || *hayu
 * 4. || 'anteater' || *waRiti
 * 5. || 'arm' || *dɨna
 * 6. || 'armadillo' || *yekerV
 * 7. || 'arrow' || *kimařa
 * 8. || 'ash' || *baliki
 * 9. || 'ask' || *asa (?)
 * 10. || 'axe' || *bařu
 * 11. || 'back' || *asabu
 * 12. || 'bat' || *busiri
 * 13. || 'bathe' || *aka
 * 14. || 'beard' || *tiima
 * 15. || 'bird' || *kudibiu
 * 16. || 'blood' || *itʰa
 * 17. || 'bone' || *Vbu-na
 * 18. || 'breast' || *(u)di
 * 19. || 'break' || *wakVdV-
 * 20. || 'by (agent)' || *duma
 * 21. || 'cane' || *isi
 * 22. || 'canoe' || *kanuwa
 * 23. || 'chest' || *Vluwa
 * 24. || 'child' || *(?)ibili
 * 25. || 'chili pepper' || *hatʰi
 * 26. || 'chop' || *lada
 * 27. || 'cold, have a || *tʰunuli-
 * 28. || 'come' || *andV
 * 29. || 'cricket' || *pʰuti
 * 30. || 'crocodile' || *kayukutʰi
 * 31. || 'delicious' || *keme-
 * 32. || 'down' || *unabu
 * 33. || 'drink (v)' || *VtʰV
 * 34. || 'ear' || *dike
 * 35. || 'egret' || *wakaRa
 * 36. || 'eye' || *aku
 * 37. || 'exit (v)' || *apʰuti-
 * 38. || 'fat, grease' || *akusi
 * 39. || 'father' || *Vtʰi
 * 40. || 'finger' || *kʰabu-ibira
 * 41. || 'fingernail' || *bada
 * 42. || 'fire' || *sikʰi
 * 43. || 'fish' || *hime
 * 44. || 'flea' || *kʰayaba
 * 45. || 'flesh' || *kiruku
 * 46. || 'flower' || *siwi
 * 47. || 'fly' || *mabuRi
 * 48. || 'foot' || *ukuti
 * 49. || 'for (benefactive)' || *bura
 * 50. || 'forehead' || *kibu
 * 51 || 'from (LOC)' || *-kee
 * 52. || 'fur' || *Vti
 * 53. || 'go' || *kuna
 * 54. || 'gourd' || *iwida
 * 55. || 'grandfather' || *dukutʰi
 * 56. || 'grandmother' || *kVtʰV
 * 57. || 'green' || *subule
 * 58. || 'hair' || *Vbařa
 * 59. || 'hammock' || *hamaka; *kura
 * 60. || 'hand' || *kʰabu
 * 61. || 'hate, be hated' || *te-
 * 62. || 'head' || *ikiwi
 * 63. || 'hear' || *akanaba
 * 64. || 'here' || *yaha
 * 65. || 'honey' || *maba
 * 66. || 'horn' || *ukuwa
 * 67. || 'house' || *bahɨ
 * 68. || 'I' || *dakia
 * 69. || 'iguana' || *iwana
 * 70. || 'in' || *luku
 * 71 || 'in (a fluid)' || *raku
 * 72. || 'juice' || *Vra
 * 73. || 'kill' || *pʰarV
 * 74. || 'knife' || *ruři
 * 75. || 'leaf || *bana
 * 76. || 'liver' || *bana
 * 77. || 'maize' || *mariki
 * 78. || 'manioc' || *kʰali
 * 79. || 'manioc starch' || *hařo
 * 80. || 'many' || *yuhu
 * 81. || 'monkey' || *pʰudi
 * 82. || 'moon' || *katʰi
 * 83. || 'mosquito' || *maRi
 * 84. || 'mother' || *uyu
 * 85. || 'neck' || *nuru
 * 86. || 'nose' || *kiri
 * 87. || 'one' || *aba
 * 88. || 'path' || *bɨna; *wabu
 * 89. || 'peck' || *tuka-
 * 90. || 'penis' || *ewera
 * 91. || 'rat' || *kuři
 * 92. || 'raw' || *iya
 * 93. || 'request' || *kʰuyabV-
 * 94. || 'resin' || *Vkʰɨ
 * 95. || 'ripe' || *hebe
 * 96. || 'river' || *sVři
 * 97. || 'root' || *akura
 * 98. || 'say' || *akV
 * 99. || 'sea' || *bařawa
 * 100. || 'seat, stool' || *turu
 * 101. || 'she' || *tʰukia
 * 102. || 'skin' || *Vda
 * 103. || 'sleep' || *dunkV
 * 104. || 'snake' || *uri
 * 105. || 'son-in-law' || *titʰi
 * 106. || 'sound' || *akanVkɨ
 * 107. || 'star' || *iwiwa
 * 108. || 'stone' || *kiba
 * 109. || 'stop' || *takɨ-
 * 110. || 'sweet potato' || *halitʰi
 * 111. || 'tail' || *isi
 * 112. || 'tapir' || *kama
 * 113. || 'termite' || *kʰumutʰiri
 * 114. || 'that (masculine)' || *lira
 * 115. || 'that (non-masculine)' || *tura
 * 116. || 'there' || *yara
 * 117. || 'they' || *nakia
 * 118. || 'thigh' || *(N)bɨku
 * 119. || 'this (masculine)' || *lihi
 * 120. || 'this (non-masculine)' || *tuhu
 * 121. || 'thou' || *bukia
 * 122. || 'three' || *kabɨnV
 * 123. || 'tip' || *kiruku
 * 124. || 'toad' || *kiberu
 * 125. || 'tobacco' || *yuři
 * 126. || 'tongue' || *Vyee
 * 127. || 'tooth' || *ari
 * 128. || 'touch, feel' || *bebeda
 * 129. || 'tree' || *kunuku
 * 130. || 'two' || *biama
 * 131. || 'up' || *iu-
 * 132. || 'vomit' || *ewedV
 * 133. || 'water' || *uni
 * 134. || 'we' || *wakia
 * 135. || 'with (accomp.)' || *Vma
 * 136. || 'whistle' || *wiwida-
 * 137. || 'woman' || *hiaru
 * 138. || 'worm' || *-koma-
 * 139. || 'ye' || *hukia
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 72. || 'juice' || *Vra
 * 73. || 'kill' || *pʰarV
 * 74. || 'knife' || *ruři
 * 75. || 'leaf || *bana
 * 76. || 'liver' || *bana
 * 77. || 'maize' || *mariki
 * 78. || 'manioc' || *kʰali
 * 79. || 'manioc starch' || *hařo
 * 80. || 'many' || *yuhu
 * 81. || 'monkey' || *pʰudi
 * 82. || 'moon' || *katʰi
 * 83. || 'mosquito' || *maRi
 * 84. || 'mother' || *uyu
 * 85. || 'neck' || *nuru
 * 86. || 'nose' || *kiri
 * 87. || 'one' || *aba
 * 88. || 'path' || *bɨna; *wabu
 * 89. || 'peck' || *tuka-
 * 90. || 'penis' || *ewera
 * 91. || 'rat' || *kuři
 * 92. || 'raw' || *iya
 * 93. || 'request' || *kʰuyabV-
 * 94. || 'resin' || *Vkʰɨ
 * 95. || 'ripe' || *hebe
 * 96. || 'river' || *sVři
 * 97. || 'root' || *akura
 * 98. || 'say' || *akV
 * 99. || 'sea' || *bařawa
 * 100. || 'seat, stool' || *turu
 * 101. || 'she' || *tʰukia
 * 102. || 'skin' || *Vda
 * 103. || 'sleep' || *dunkV
 * 104. || 'snake' || *uri
 * 105. || 'son-in-law' || *titʰi
 * 106. || 'sound' || *akanVkɨ
 * 107. || 'star' || *iwiwa
 * 108. || 'stone' || *kiba
 * 109. || 'stop' || *takɨ-
 * 110. || 'sweet potato' || *halitʰi
 * 111. || 'tail' || *isi
 * 112. || 'tapir' || *kama
 * 113. || 'termite' || *kʰumutʰiri
 * 114. || 'that (masculine)' || *lira
 * 115. || 'that (non-masculine)' || *tura
 * 116. || 'there' || *yara
 * 117. || 'they' || *nakia
 * 118. || 'thigh' || *(N)bɨku
 * 119. || 'this (masculine)' || *lihi
 * 120. || 'this (non-masculine)' || *tuhu
 * 121. || 'thou' || *bukia
 * 122. || 'three' || *kabɨnV
 * 123. || 'tip' || *kiruku
 * 124. || 'toad' || *kiberu
 * 125. || 'tobacco' || *yuři
 * 126. || 'tongue' || *Vyee
 * 127. || 'tooth' || *ari
 * 128. || 'touch, feel' || *bebeda
 * 129. || 'tree' || *kunuku
 * 130. || 'two' || *biama
 * 131. || 'up' || *iu-
 * 132. || 'vomit' || *ewedV
 * 133. || 'water' || *uni
 * 134. || 'we' || *wakia
 * 135. || 'with (accomp.)' || *Vma
 * 136. || 'whistle' || *wiwida-
 * 137. || 'woman' || *hiaru
 * 138. || 'worm' || *-koma-
 * 139. || 'ye' || *hukia
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 108. || 'stone' || *kiba
 * 109. || 'stop' || *takɨ-
 * 110. || 'sweet potato' || *halitʰi
 * 111. || 'tail' || *isi
 * 112. || 'tapir' || *kama
 * 113. || 'termite' || *kʰumutʰiri
 * 114. || 'that (masculine)' || *lira
 * 115. || 'that (non-masculine)' || *tura
 * 116. || 'there' || *yara
 * 117. || 'they' || *nakia
 * 118. || 'thigh' || *(N)bɨku
 * 119. || 'this (masculine)' || *lihi
 * 120. || 'this (non-masculine)' || *tuhu
 * 121. || 'thou' || *bukia
 * 122. || 'three' || *kabɨnV
 * 123. || 'tip' || *kiruku
 * 124. || 'toad' || *kiberu
 * 125. || 'tobacco' || *yuři
 * 126. || 'tongue' || *Vyee
 * 127. || 'tooth' || *ari
 * 128. || 'touch, feel' || *bebeda
 * 129. || 'tree' || *kunuku
 * 130. || 'two' || *biama
 * 131. || 'up' || *iu-
 * 132. || 'vomit' || *ewedV
 * 133. || 'water' || *uni
 * 134. || 'we' || *wakia
 * 135. || 'with (accomp.)' || *Vma
 * 136. || 'whistle' || *wiwida-
 * 137. || 'woman' || *hiaru
 * 138. || 'worm' || *-koma-
 * 139. || 'ye' || *hukia
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 126. || 'tongue' || *Vyee
 * 127. || 'tooth' || *ari
 * 128. || 'touch, feel' || *bebeda
 * 129. || 'tree' || *kunuku
 * 130. || 'two' || *biama
 * 131. || 'up' || *iu-
 * 132. || 'vomit' || *ewedV
 * 133. || 'water' || *uni
 * 134. || 'we' || *wakia
 * 135. || 'with (accomp.)' || *Vma
 * 136. || 'whistle' || *wiwida-
 * 137. || 'woman' || *hiaru
 * 138. || 'worm' || *-koma-
 * 139. || 'ye' || *hukia
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 135. || 'with (accomp.)' || *Vma
 * 136. || 'whistle' || *wiwida-
 * 137. || 'woman' || *hiaru
 * 138. || 'worm' || *-koma-
 * 139. || 'ye' || *hukia
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 140. || 'yes' || *VNhVN
 * 141. || (absolutive) || *-hV
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * 142. || (poss. suffix) || *-tʰe
 * }
 * }