Talk:Cognate

Eastern languages
Are the writing of hanzi, kanji, hanja considered cogna.

Original research
''It has been calculated that if one takes a word from a language, there's a 40% ....experiment. Perhaps that number comes from some theoritical derivations, but how could a reader know?

If we cannot support the claim with actual factual or published research, I think that it's better to remove the fact, even if it sounds so interesting, attractive and beautiful as this one. -Germán 2004-02-16 09:42
 * In the following article, available at http://www.zompist.com/chance.htm the author (Mark Rosenfelder) states:
 * "We haven't worked the numbers. Even trained linguists, though they know that random matches will occur, generally can't say how many."
 * That after a long discussion on random resemblance.


 * I'd like to change the article to take out the number '40%' and replace it by something like 'high number/more than expected' and somehow summarize the Ronsenfelder's article in a new article and point to it. Would it be correct?


 * What do you think? -grh 12:02, 2004 Feb 20 (UTC)
 * That phrase should be removed, if nothing else because it does not say what is meant by "roughly similar". The examples given -- "over" and "a'var" (do they mean the same thing?), "dog" and "dog" (ditto?) -- suggest that "similar" means "same consonants, similar vowels in similar places.  If that is the case, then the figure is obvious much, mcuh less than 40%. Even between, say, German and French.
 * The article stated "It has been calculated that if one takes a word from a language, there's a 40% chance that one will find a word with roughly similar sound and meaning in another random, non-related language."
 * hello. i also have come to talk to ask please write what does mean that words dog, avar. because people would not think they are cognates if they have meanings that are not connected. --Qdinar (talk) 13:33, 1 July 2010 (UTC)


 * Many people have doubted this claim, and it has not been sourced. I've removed it. If anyone can find a source, please put it back in. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 14:22, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Origins, roots and etymologies
A word's etymology is more than its origin. It includes its history. Cognates are words in two languages that have origins in a shared ancestor. This makes their origin the same, although their etymologies will be very different. The word "etymology" is loosely used commonly for "origin" but I don't think we should encourage it. Furthermore, root, particularly as concerns Indo-European, has a specific meaning in linguistics. A root is a core morpheme, particularly in verbs (so that "denk-" is the root of the German verb "denken" and "think" the root of its cognate in English). In IE studies roots are indeed original "words" but they are taken to be the original morphemes, rather than inflected words as such. This is a useful enough distinction to be worth keeping IMO, so I have edited the page to reflect it.Dr Zen 04:01, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Also, two words derived from the same IE root are called cognates only if they belong to two different languages. Same-language cognates (such as English grave and grief, royal and regal) are more properly called doublets. Psp 04:55, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * What about words such as "thatch" and "deck", coming from the same root, but where the wrd "deck" is borrowd from Dutch?
 * To be honest, i as a layman am un-familliar with most of what is being discussed, but I have a piece of input. My input may be inappropriate to the current trend of thediscussion, but that is neither here nor there.

Merge
I like that while I was exploring words I was linked to a site that had derivation in its title. I immediately saw that there was discussion/a proposal to merge the article with another. I like where it is and would argue for it to stay where it is.

Again I am no Dr., nor an expert on words, just a burgeoning wiki-user who is interested. Sorry if this is in the wrong space, still learning. Any help (I figure I might have previewed first?) - PfandyA (talk) 07:07, 1 June 2009 (UTC)PfandyA
 * I also oppose the merge to the infelicitous "genetic relationship (linguistic)" article. This term is much better known and more likely to be searched. -LlywelynII (talk) 16:35, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Milk
Afaik, "Milk" and "Leche" aren't cognates, but derive from two different IE words for milk. Also, russian Moloko might be a germanic borrowing.
 * Moloko come from a IE root, it is no more a "germanic borrowing" in russian than it's would be a "slavic borrowing" in german. As for the 'moloko' vowel change, see Old East Slavic language, protoSlavic Melko or Mleko -> Moloko.
 * You're absolutely right. I hadn't read that far. "Milk" is thought to come from a root meaning "wiping" or similar. "Milky Way" is a straight translation of the Latin "via lactea", not a parallel formation.Dr Zen 05:05, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * "Some philologists" trace a common IE root? Who? Can you give sources rather than weasel words? This is simply not true. They derive from very different roots.Dr Zen 08:14, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Also "galaktos" means "of the milk" in Greek, so one probably ought not to say that it "signifies" milk. I have re-edited the para in question. Please substantiate the part about the common IE origin before putting it back in.Dr Zen 08:19, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * This guy derives them from the same root but he doesn't describe how. How he gets "gala" from "mlagHt-" only he knows. It goes without saying that he'd need to show other words that have shown similar soundshifts (which I can't see that he does). Note this discussion, which clearly indicates that two unrelated IE nouns are involved.Dr Zen 08:33, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Preobrazhensky's Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language gives an overview of various theories, including the common derivation theory. I'm happy if mention of the common derivation theory is left out, but in the interests of helpfulness, it really ought to be mentioned somewhere what galaktos, lait and leche roughly mean for the benefit of the general reader. Man vyi 11:54, Nov 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * Maybe it's a particularly Slavic theory? If you really like the idea, perhaps it should be there. Maybe you could put "Preobrazhensky suggests that all of these words could ultimately be cognates" or something similar. I'll leave it to your judgement. I've put an explanation of the words' meaning. No problem at all if you want to word it differently.Dr Zen 12:38, 18 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cotidianum
Latin cotidianum, French quotidien, Irish cotiantach??
 * Isn't the French word an evolution from Latin, anyway?

Some other false cognates from German are "Gift" which ironcially means poison, "Wiener" which means a person from Vienna or even "Hamburger" which can mean someone from Hamburg, Germany.

I removed these examples as they're not false cognates, but rather false friends. According to the German dictionary Der Sprach Brockhaus, "Gift" in Old High German meant what it does in English. "Hamburger" and "Wiener" are borrowings, and in German are simply adjectives which can denote anything from the respective cities (whether or not these are the true origins of the foods). --Damezi 14:20, 22 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I've tried to explain the difference between false friends and false cognates. In short: if two words look or sound similar but have different meanings, they're false friends - but they can still be related. However, they're false cognates only if they have different origins - like English "have" and Latin "habere". --Damezi 00:53, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Just a funny pair
These two are "false friends" through another language --


 * "Minne" (in Swedish) = memories
 * "Minne" (in Sicilian) = mammaries

Both are pronounced the same.

Neither cognates nor truly false friends, but somehow they seem related to me. Steve Rapaport 17:24, 6 Apr 2005 (UTC)


 * Ok... =P Actually, the Swedish word is singular, "memories" would be "minnen". Nevertheless, it's still funny...

Certain mammaries can cause memories, especially Swedish ones...--Gohiking 18:48, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Or German "sechs" and English "sex", though the pronounceation of "sechs" can vary based on the accent. Sometimes it has a bit of a rough sound on the "ch". Always makes the Freshmen giggle. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.184.239.162 (talk) 03:03, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Definition
Since English capture derives from the Latin word captura, captus by way of Old French, I do not consider that a cognate: cognates to me are words that independently derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root (in this case, PIE *kap, 'to grasp'): borrowed words don't count as cognates in my book. Alexander 007 10:57, 24 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I don't know, I have seen the words being used as a catch-all phrase for all kinds of words that are somehow related, either through PIE roots or borrowings. For instance, I found this example on Swedish language, "Finland-Swedish has a set of separate terms that are close cognates of their Finnish counterparts, chiefly terms of law and government." and I have trouble understanding completely what it should mean, since Finnish and Swedish are unrelated languages with most basic vocabulary being completely different (although Finnish has borrowed thousands of Words from Swedish or Scandinavian during the ages). I believe that these words referred probably either are calques or loanwords from Finnish. I will make a note on the discussion page.


 * We seem to be dealing with two separate usages. The article, however, is concerned with the technical definition, which should be as I described it. English night and Lithuanian naktis are cognates, independently derived from a Proto-Indo-European root. But English capture is not cognate to Latin captura, because capture is directly derived from Latin captura by way of Old French. And this is certain, of course, because initial PIE k became h in the Germanic languages and PIE p usually became f. So PIE *kap- could not have given rise to anything like captura in the Germanic languages, but it did in Latin. The other type of usage of the term cognate can be explained, of course, as long as they are not confused. Alexander 007 05:15, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

The word cognate itself is a borrowing from Latin, and means "related". That can include a parent-child relationship as well as the relationship of cousins (unlike the German word normally used to translate cognate: urverwandt, where the ur- prefix stressses that the words are not just related, but are related in the distant past). But obviously it is cousins which are more interesting here: we have good terminology for loanwords and other forms of direct derivation, but this is the only term we have for the relationship of words in parallel branches, and there is a lot to be said for using linguistic terms in their narrowest senses where possible, for the sake of clearer differentiation. How about using "related forms" as the broad catch-all term and keeping "cognate" for the narrower meaning? --Doric Loon 00:54, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

Question
Question: Why not put (things like) this in the general linguistics category too? &mdash;The preceding unsigned comment was added by 145.99.239.173 (talk &bull; contribs) 01:38, 11 January 2006 (UTC).


 * Answer: Category:Historical linguistics is a subcategory of Category:Linguistics, so that would be redundant. Wiki policy is to simplify the cats. Alexander 007 01:42, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Superscript help
Hey, how or where do u get the superscript characters to show aspiration? I can read them as superscript when reading the article but they appear as squares in the edit script. And if I try to copypaste them from the article, they are pasted as squares. YoungSpinoza 20:35, 28 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Probably it will be the different font that is accountable for the squares shown. I do not know the code for superscript characters, below here I see and. What you could try, is setting another font to be used for monospace. Boudewijn (talk) 16:02, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

Old English/Old Norse mutually intelligible?
Not pertaining to the subject of the article, but is it true that these two languages were mutually intelligible at the time of the Viking invasions of Britain? Considering the possible timeframe of the divergence of North and Western Germanic language groups around the beginning of the CE or earlier, this gives almost a thousand years for the OE and ON to diverge. Descendants of Latin and proto-Slavic have certainly become NOT mutually intelligible within a thousand years, but perhaps language change accelerated with the development of society?

Summary: words are borrowed from languages whether the borrower and the donor are mutually intelligible or not (cf. the example of words in English borrowed from French Norman.) I will investigate this further and if I don't find evidence on OE/ON mutual intelligibility, excise the parenthesized clause. Zapiens 17:17, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

New stuff
The new material I removed probably belongs in the article, but not in the lead where it was placed. It would go further below in the article. Alexander 007 19:24, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Embarazada
Contributors to this article may be interested to know that the article on Embarazada (the Spanish for "pregnant", a false friend cognate with "embarrassed") is currently up for deletion at Articles_for_deletion/Embarazada. Flapdragon 10:27, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

???
What is the difference between etymon [], cognate, Root (linguistics) ??? and should we say "cognate" [] or "cognate word" []. Sorry to insist, i saw there was already an explanation, but i was not totaly convinced.


 * If you think of it in terms of genealogy, etymons are like grandparents and cognates are like cousins.  They both embody historical relationships.  On the other hand, roots -- at least as the term is used in the linked article -- are synchronic rather than historical/diachronic; thus, "run" is (sort of) the root of "running," etc.  They embody only a relationship within the language at a specific point in time.  As far as I can tell, "cognate" can be either an adjective or a noun, so in most cases there is no need to say "cognate noun."  Perhaps the article should deal more extensively with these matters?  -- Visviva 15:06, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

about cognate
the latin word was cognatus but the word is composed by cum + natus the particle co is unexistent in ancient latin and the g on cognatus and the u becoming o are normal linguistic transformations when a word is composed by 2 or more words....can anyone control this and make the necessary corrections? i wouldnt do that because i don't read or study latin from 15 years ...... (the meaning of the word is "born togheter, born at the same time") thank you 151.80.3.184 22:08, 8 May 2007 (UTC)


 * See recent change. Note that "co-" is the equivalent of cum (originally quum) and is used in a prefix form.  BTW, I think you mean classical Latin, not ancient.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149;  20:47, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
The addition of this text

a cognate is when your coc gets stuck in the nate and that hurts.

entered on

16:13, 26 August 2007

is trash. I leave it to a more experienced Wikipedia editor to click (undo).

144.226.230.36 22:10, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Pipi
The English word pipi is the same as the english word pipisong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.45.48.120 (talk) 20:03, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

Linking of acronym
In the section "Cognates across languages", first paragraph, last sentence, one can read the following:


 * "[...] all meaning "night" and derived from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) [...]"

I am question why both Proto-Indo-European and PIE are linked as they link to the same page. I suggest we change it so it looks like this instead:


 * [...] all meaning "night" and derived from the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) [...]

Perhaps it's not even necessary to have the acronym as it is mentioned in the very beginning of the Proto-Indo-European language-article. /Tense (talk) 13:19, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Don't mix the languages
Croatian language does not use cyrilic script. If you write sth. in cyrilic script, you can not put croatian language next to it.Hammer of Habsburg (talk) 13:52, 4 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It is possible to include macedonian and some other languages in the same brackets. For instance, both macedonian and serbian language use cyrilic but they are listed separately and croatian that uses only latin script is put together with cyrilic! Any normal explanation????Hammer of Habsburg (talk) 13:57, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

On False Cogantes
Wouldn't the example of greek zues and latin deus be a good example fo false cognates Slovenski Volk (talk) 12:24, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Calvert Watkins asserts that the two do s hare a common origin in How to Kill a Dragon. I don't have the book in front of me right now, but when I can, I'll put a citation of that fact.Lheureum (talk) 13:07, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

king not a cognate of koning and könig?
Why not? Does it not descend from Old English cyning and from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz? CodeCat (talk) 15:07, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Move this page to Talk:Cognate (move over redirect)
The main article is located at Cognate, not at Cognate (etymology). Therefore this talk page should be Talk:Cognate. Please move this page over the redirect at Talk:Cognate.  S ven M anguard  Wha?  19:24, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
 * P.S. Yes, I'm aware that there's likely a more specific template for this. No, I've got no idea what it is, and considering that this will work, I'm not going to go looking for it. Yes, if you leave me a message telling me what the proper template is, I'd be quite appreciative. Thanks.  S ven M anguard   Wha?  19:24, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅. This sort of move can be requested with db-move which is put on the target page in the form  . JohnCD (talk) 20:18, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks . I am quite appreciative.  S ven M anguard   Wha?  20:38, 18 December 2013 (UTC)

lede needs work
After the definition, most of the lede section is an example of doublets. This should be replaced with one or two simple examples of cognates:
 * Eng word a and Gk word &alpha; are cognates, both deriving from PIE word ____

--Thnidu (talk) 21:17, 25 February 2014 (UTC)


 * I'm removing the troublesome paragraph
 * For example, the English words shirt and skirt are doublets; the former derives from the Old English sċyrte, while the latter is borrowed from Old Norse skyrta, both of which derive from the Proto-Germanic *skurtijǭ. Additional cognates of the same word in other Germanic languages include the German Schürze and Dutch schort (which both mean "apron").
 * And I've made several changes to differentiate the strict sense used in linguistic research (especially comparative linguistics) from the looser and more inclusive definitions found in related fields. --Thnidu (talk) 16:23, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Discus
"a mistake to identify their later meanings" - can we be clearer about what is meant here? JMK (talk) 10:34, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

sinemá

 * In fact, σινεμά stands beside a Greek neologism based on the original form of the same root: κινηματογράφος (kinimatoγráfos), with the same two meanings as cinéma/σινεμά.

Does this sentence really mean to say that kinematográfos is a synonym of sinemá, meaning both 'movies (collectively)' and 'a theater'? Or that it bears the same relation to both senses of sinemá?

And while I'm up, how wrong would it be to transcribe the gamma as g for the naïve reader's convenience? —Tamfang (talk) 21:21, 5 October 2015 (UTC)

False cognates
This is in response to 's deletion of the pair Spanish mucho : English much, with the edit comment
 * ‎False cognates: Bilingual speaker of Spanish and English here. Much and mucho have quite different meaning.

They're close enough to mislead a lot of English speakers (including me, a trained linguist, until I saw this article and looked up both etymologies). That's all it takes. "False cognates are words that people commonly believe are related (have a common origin), but that linguistic examination reveals are unrelated." Besides...

The following examples are from mucho at WordReference.com. I've trimmed it down to examples including the exact English word much, deleting most of those that use the synonymous colloquial lots (of) or a lot (of) but keeping a few where those expressions can be straightforwardly replaced with "much"; these I've noted in curly braces { }. See also the tab on the same page for the Collins dictionary.

Mucho

Principal Translations


 * mucho adv	(gustar: encantar)
 * very much adv

Compound Forms


 * aún hay mucho por hacer expr	(gran tarea por delante)
 * there's still much to do v expr


 * con mucho sacrificio loc prep	 (a costa de)
 * with much sacrifice expr


 * Les da mucho gusto ver a su hijo con la carrera terminada
 * They feel very pleased by seeing their son finish his studies. {lit., It gives them much pleasure}


 * dar mucho juego loc verb	enfático (despertar comentarios)
 * generate a lot of comment v expr
 * cause a lot of debate, be the subject of a lot of debate v expr {= much debate}


 * dar mucho que hablar loc verb	enfático (atraer atención pública)
 * be the source of much talk


 * dejar mucho que desear expr	(insatisfactorio)
 * leave much to be desired v expr


 * haber mucho por hacer loc verb	(cosas por zanjar)
 * (formal)	there be much to do v expr


 * lo dudo mucho
 * I doubt it very much, I very much doubt v expr


 * lo mucho que
 * as much as expr


 * mucho más loc adj	(cuantificador superlativo)
 * much more adj


 * Juan no se jode mucho porque trabaja un día al año.
 * no mucho loc adv	(poco)
 * not much adv


 * no mucho expr	anglicismo (nada en particular)
 * not much, not a lot expr
 * Note: Usada en respuesta a la pregunta '¿Cómo estás?'.


 * Por mucho que tenga buena voluntad, la otra parte no está dispuesta a ceder.
 * por mucho que, por mucho que se haga algo
 * por más que se haga algo loc conj	(enfatiza una negativa)
 * no matter how much expr
 * Note: Se construye con subjuntivo.


 * si no es mucho pedir expr	(si no te importa)
 * if it isn't too much to ask expr


 * tener mucho que aprender loc verb	(ignorar)
 * have much to learn v expr


 * y mucho menos a conj + loc adj + p	(cuantificador superlativo)
 * much less to expr

--Thnidu (talk) 18:23, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Request: Add link to https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_German_cognates_with_English in the "see also" section
Please add a link to https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_German_cognates_with_English in the see also section, as this is really a helpful resource. --80.187.104.73 (talk) 22:36, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Etymons
This article refers to etymons (in the illustration). I think "etymon" needs its own Wikipedia page. It's an important concept. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.187.105.82 (talk) 23:54, 25 March 2018 (UTC)

Rewrite required
Obh,obh! I'm afraid this is an example of an article that has suffered badly by people messing around inadvisedly without taking account of the overall picture. Etymology is one of those areas where every layman has their favourite example and wants to squeeze it in whether it really helps the article or not. They wouldn't do it with an article on physics! As a result, this article is now confused and hard to read, and frankly, it was far better when I worked on it 15 years ago. It needs a complete rewrite, with a ruthless approach to examples - first you have to decide what points you want to illustrate, and shape them into an argument, and then give one or possibly two examples of each phenonenon, and delete all other examples. After all, there are hundreds of thousands of examples out there, and there is no merit whatsoever in cluttering the page with additional examples just because you personally like them. There are also several more basic issues. First, linguists really don't use the term "cognate" to refer to loans. Ideally it refers to two words in related languages that have descended in direct continuity the from a parent word in the parent language: Latin canis evolved organically into Italian cane and separately evolved into French chien, so cane and chien are cognate. You could expand it to include hybrid forms of relationships, like shirt and skirt, where borrowing brought two words that were already cognates into the same language as a doublet, but I really wouldn't want to say that French chien and English canine are cognates. They are related forms. Then we need to get rid of the whole false friend issue. False friends are a concept from second language learning, and two words are only false friends if there is a genuine risk of language learners confusing them. Some false frineds do result from cognates diverging in meaning, but at the very most you want to say that in a single sentence and then reference our false friends article or anyone who wants to know more. I might be willing to attempt such a re-write, but only if we have consensus here first, because I'm not going to do all that work just to be reverted. So, I'd like to know who is actually working here, and how they feel about it.--Doric Loon (talk) 15:19, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The first thing that's needed is to document the exact definition and its variants. I am pretty sure that cognates do not include loanwords, and it should be possible to cite multiple reliable sources attesting to this.
 * After we have a clear definition, the rest of the article should use that definition. Loanwords should explicitly be distinguished.
 * I suspect that the current definition is based on a misunderstanding of David Crystal's usage. He defines cognates as "historically derived from the same source". The critical word of course is "derived". Crystal says in a different passage that "in historical linguistics... words... are said to be derived from corresponding in an earlier state of the language". That surely excludes borrowings and also reborrowings (like modern Greek σινεμά < French cinéma << ancient Greek κίνημα). --Macrakis (talk) 16:24, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I have taken a first pass. Surely needs improvement. --Macrakis (talk) 17:15, 29 January 2022 (UTC)