Talk:Foreign relations of imperial China

Added Sino-Roman Relations
Added this part: The first diplomatic contact between China and the West occurred with the expansion of the Roman Empire in the Middle-East during the 2nd century, the Romans gained the capability to develop shipping and trade in the Indian Ocean. The first group of people claiming to be an embassy of Romans to China is recorded in 166, sixty years after the expeditions to the west of the Chinese general Ban Chao. It came to Emperor Huan of Han China, "from Antun (Emperor Antoninus Pius), king of Daqin (Rome)". Although, as Antoninus Pius died in 161, leaving the empire to his adoptive son Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus), the convoy arrived in 166, and the both Emperor being "Antonius" the confusion arises about who sent the ambassy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations

-intranetusa

Cooked barbarians
The terms "cooked barbarians" and "raw barbarians" are extremely crude translations for 熟番 and 生番. They can be better translated literally as "familiar barbarians", "mature barbarians" and "unfamiliar barbarians" respectively. I've seen the terms in a few places, but I don't think they are widely accepted terms. Is there any objections to changing them? Uly 13:25, 11 January 2007 (UTC) I believe that cooked barbarian is a very literal translation and should be kept. I understand it can be interpreted different ways, but there are also different languages and interpretations within China. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.194.83.142 (talk) 15:48, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Expansion
I have expanded this article with about 80% of new material, adding all of the different dynasties in a row. If anyone has any suggestions on creating new sub-sections for these, I would like to hear it.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 18:56, 14 October 2007 (UTC)

Unequal treaties period?
This article ought to be expanded to deal with the unequal treaties period and the period post opium war to 1911. China had quite a few documented interactions with other countries during this period that are not yet included in this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SONORAMA (talk • contribs) 11:51, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

removed external link
The external link was for a pdf of Hevia's book on the 1793 mission. The link was dead and the book must be copyrighted anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Erikringmar (talk • contribs) 10:38, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

The Arabian Peninsula from a Chinese perspective
Arabia was historically known as Tianfang (heavenly square or heavenly place, (the kaaba)) in pre modern china.

http://books.google.com/books?id=KoiD_yafPT8C&pg=PA306&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=eOcUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=AvDOudr5M6MC&pg=PA103&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=VKkmt-bxU5cC&pg=PA109&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XULERYYEJo0C&pg=PP8&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgK

http://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA256&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA265&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=srZ5L70phwQC&pg=PA360&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC&pg=PA176&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA159&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

Arabian nights http://books.google.com/books?id=BrOVNwAACAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_CXIUNCFJeuB0AHf_oGwDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw http://books.google.com/books?id=kW47vQ0EW5QC&pg=PA68&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgK http://books.google.com/books?id=XOGdnCPJSOMC&pg=PA321&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=6AQ2ircHBnIC&pg=PA23&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=_y8YW-XQVH4C&pg=PA52&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=EB5EAAAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgU http://books.google.com/books?id=0dEvAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgU http://books.google.com/books?id=FbcnAQAACAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjge http://books.google.com/books?id=IqN6AAAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OyzIUIqvJ4660QG7toGgBA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADg8 End of arabian nights

http://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&pg=PA341&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

Page 43 page 249

http://books.google.com/books?id=5LfXAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgK

http://books.google.com/books?id=MjIQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA42&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgK

Page 47 page 58 page 59

http://books.google.com/books?id=sIZtAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XyfIUKzyB6bx0gHllIDICQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK

http://books.google.com/books?id=cJ2uY_oOYBgC&pg=PA98&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OuSsxBuALQYC&pg=PA204&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Xuq7QCmY6jQC&pg=PA40&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=tianfang%20arabia&f=false

Page 8

http://books.google.com/books?id=MBDYAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgU

Page 38 page 42

http://books.google.com/books?id=EDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgU

Page 756

http://books.google.com/books?id=Bp1KAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATge

Page 449

http://books.google.com/books?id=pw4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjge

Page 95 page 107

http://books.google.com/books?ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&id=jjc_AQAAIAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&q=tian+fang+arabia#search_anchor

http://books.google.com/books?id=jjc_AQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzge

Page 39

http://books.google.com/books?id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgo

http://books.google.com/books?ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&id=fmptAAAAMAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&q=tian+fang+arabia#search_anchor

Page 71

http://books.google.com/books?id=S40OAQAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgo

Page 170 page 171

http://books.google.com/books?id=QgUoAQAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgo

Page 239

http://books.google.com/books?id=ISAZAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgo

Page 4632

http://books.google.com/books?id=0jMOAQAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QSrIUMmKE4SU0QGt5IDgCg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgo

Page 190

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNlwAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgy

Page 17

http://books.google.com/books?id=KLssAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgy

Page 114

http://books.google.com/books?id=S60lAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjgy

Page 108 page 114

http://books.google.com/books?ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&id=S60lAQAAIAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&q=tianfang+#search_anchor

Page 62

http://books.google.com/books?id=MtTXAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDgy

Page 20

http://books.google.com/books?id=HZAbAQAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBTgy

Page 38 page 42

http://books.google.com/books?id=EDhuAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBzgy

Page 110

http://books.google.com/books?id=8ZBEAQAAIAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgy

Page 15

http://books.google.com/books?id=lqtxAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HSvIUJcgz7XQAa_DgJgM&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCTgy

Page 541

http://books.google.com/books?id=LIHWAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OyzIUIqvJ4660QG7toGgBA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBDg8

Page 13

http://books.google.com/books?id=JXkxAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OyzIUIqvJ4660QG7toGgBA&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAjg8

Page 136

http://books.google.com/books?id=tuoeAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia+ancestor+tribute&dq=tianfang+arabia+ancestor+tribute&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DC3IUKiwD4LC0QHv74C4CA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA

Page 58

http://books.google.com/books?id=sIZtAAAAMAAJ&q=tianfang+arabia+ancestor+tribute&dq=tianfang+arabia+ancestor+tribute&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DC3IUKiwD4LC0QHv74C4CA&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ

http://books.google.com/books?id=A4zgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vyjIUOGCHObW0QH8sYGgAQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDgU

http://books.google.com/books?id=f4hcGwAACAAJ&dq=tianfang+arabia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnIUPn_Heb10gGYx4D4DA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDge

http://www.academia.edu/1055602/Ming_Taizu_and_the_Muslims_of_China

http://books.google.com/books?id=Y8Nzux7z6KAC&pg=PA60&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Zoouvv_4QfUC&pg=PA23&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=DbfAmvYC3NgC&pg=PA185&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=isIxgPn_zfMC&pg=PA245&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=YukVl8fUr48C&pg=PA226&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=XtmzFZS_SX0C&pg=PA226&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=arabia%20tribute%20taizu&f=false

Page 14

http://books.google.com/books?id=PPIUAQAAIAAJ&q=arabia+tribute+taizu&dq=arabia+tribute+taizu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yC3IUMnANey40QHZyID4Bg&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCQ

Chinese names for foreign states
http://books.google.com/books?id=bRctAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=mabcHwmAD5oC&pg=PA723#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6roOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=cHRvtwTLcMAC&pg=PA453#v=onepage&q&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 07:38, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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