Talk:Vulgar Latin/Archive 1


 * It was used to write the Vulgate and ...

As far as I know, Vulgar Latin was a strictly spoken language. Vulgate was written in late Latin (as opposed to classical of the 1st century B.C. - 1st century A.D.), but it has very little to do with Vulgar Latin (except, perhaps for the name). Am I correct? --Uriyan

I'd say your statement was highly debatable, just as the statement that vulgar Latin "was used to write the Vulgate" is over-simplistic. The term "Late" Latin can also cover a multitude of sins. The point about the Vulgate was that it was written in the language of the people, ie. a language an ordinary person could understand. It's true that the average person probably couldn't have written "classical" Latin. However, all varieties of "late" Latin, including "vulgar" Latin (which also means the language of the people), were spoken forms only until such time as they were written down - in documents such as the Vulgate. --user:Deb


 * Well, I'm only a beginning student of Latin, so I can't say for sure, of course, but I'd gotten the impression that the dialects called "Vulgar" are the more extreme versions (e.g. in the version that gave rise to French, the nouns ceased being inflected on most of the cases, the accusative being used as the basis rather than the nominative). Vulgate, however, is written down in very literary, ordered Latin that would have kept Virgil (mostly) happy if he had seen it. --Uriyan

I think what you're saying is that Jerome used more "correct" Latin than the spoken dialects normally referred to as "vulgar" Latin - which did, as you say, form the basis of the Romance languages - so I'd go along with that. --user:Deb


 * Some thoughts I had prepared before, but I had really bad connecting troubles
 * Vulgata was in late Latin, this is commonly agreed, even if it was copied in several versions with slight linguistic differences too, despite its original goal of becoming an absolutely unique reference text.
 * The point is the definition of Vulgar Latin, which I have seen in the article described as limited to 3rd century: effectively, an idiom usually called "Vulgar Latin" was used until its direct merging with the early romance idioms - we could say, until some time before Langue d'Oil and Langue d'Oc appeared, 11th century, first complex examples of writing in "popular" language; let's allow some delay for the evolution, but still it's not 3rd c., unless we are talking about the evolution in the German and English areas, which is another matter.
 * Looking at italian and french areas, if Latin was officially spoken, Vulgar Latin was then popularly spoken until the popular language turned to localised forms. Obviously we stop talking about a Vulgar Latin when the local dialects start collecting a certain amount of local carachteristics that make them become a different idiom, and it becomes simply a "Vulgar", sometimes with a geographical attribute: Vulgar Italian, Vulgar Gaulish. Then they will evolve into romance languages when an independent value will be recognised them (Oil, Oc, Sì). The word "Romance" comes indeed from "romanicae loci", of a place in the Roman Empire, this still ideally includes all the dialects as a part of the whole latin family.
 * St.Jerome's Vulgata was written (or, if you wish, translated) around 400 AD (I don't precisely remember, but I know it was started a few years before 400 and ended maybe a couple of years after). At that time a difference with Vulgar should have been well concrete, indeed. But, of course, they still merely were two forms of Latin, so perhaps (in response to Uriyan's first question) it wasn't "very little" what they shared.
 * Certainly, it was the age in which, apart form declensions, many roots were changing (i.e., "equus" > "caballus", etc.). Recently, some studies (which IMHO need anyway a more scientific development) suggest that pronounciations too started to make diverse, supposedly with already a similarity to modern local pronounciations, with the most spectacular (alleged) effect in the area of Naples. However, these changes were obviously not uniform in the Empire's territory, so the greatest differences were perhaps to be found among different forms of Vulgar Latin in different areas (also due to the acquisition of newer "local" roots), even if we ought to remember that most of theory is based on reconstruction a posteriori rather than, evidently, on texts (poor people > poor supports > poor remains > poor direct knowledge). It was in the Council of Tours (800AD?) that priests were ordered to preach in vulgar to be comprehensible. This could be a documented moment of the evolution. Late Latin, still based in Rome, presumedly reflected these acquisitions, recording what was changing in a nearer area - we could fairly say, in Italy. Formal Latin was "frozen" by the codifications of roman law on one side (Justinian) and of the Church on the other side, finally unified by the medieval copysts and since then forever separated from already independent romance vulgar idioms. Italian Dante (14th c.) based his personal success in describing Latin as a language that had become quite "artificial" (De Vulgari Eloquentia- BTW, written in Latin :-).
 * Due to this lack of uniformity, or of unity, I effectively am with those who are not convinced that Vulgar Latin really "is the ancestor of Romance languages": Latin is a language, while Vulgar Latin is simply a collective name for a group of derived dialects with local - not necessarily common - carachteristics, that don't make a "language", at least in a classical sense. It could perhaps be described as a sort of "magmatic" undefined matter that slowly locally developed in the single earlier forms of each Romance language, that consequently find their proper ancestry in formal Latin. Vulgar Latin was an intermediate point of the evolution, certainly not a source. Maybe a formalistic theory, but more logical, IMHO. --Gianfranco


 * Due to all the above, I have removed the Vulgate Bible related external link. It already existed in the Vulgate article anyway. Rocinante9x 13:37, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

I thought the Council of Tours provided for preaching in the vernacular???JHK


 * Uhh, yes...? Isn't that what he said? (It really would be better if we could just throw away that word "vulgar" and replace it with the much less confusing "vernacular".) Brion VIBBER


 * I believe the two terms are indicating the same thing to us, here. Now, I don't know if in English it's the same, but in my language (and I dare suppose in Latin too) "vulgar" is better used to indicate a minor, popular form of the main language, therefore it focuses on the language (not considering users), while "vernacular" refers to what in detail people commonly speak, therefore it focuses on people and their native dialect (not considering the language, this time). They would then be used depending on two different points of view: vulgar when referring to the language, vernacular when referring to the dialect. Here we are talking about a minor form of latin language, so I believe "vulgar" might be more proper (if, as in premise, this is how it goes in English too)
 * BTW, I loosely remember that vernaculus had also a meaning of christian servant (sort of sacrist), and in this sense was also in Vulgata, therefore it might be confusing, since we are talking about the whole latin language (seen in its minor popular form) and not about the latin used by the Church - anyway, the root of this word was more widely used in later times than the root of vulgus. --Gianfranco


 * The primary meaning of "vulgar" in English is roughly equivalent to "obscene" (see definition in American Heritage Dictionary); people often have to be explicitly taught when they first hear of it that "vulgar Latin" does not mean "dirty words used by the Romans", which is why the "vulgus" derivation gets cited. "Vernacular" in English (AHD definition) has no connection to Christianity or Church Latin that I'm aware of. I'm not sure what you mean by the difference between "a minor, popular form of the main language" and "what in detail people commonly speak"...? "Vernacular" covers both as far as I know, while "vulgar" brings neither to mind except as a learned alternate meaning. --Brion VIBBER


 * Ummm...I'm not debating meanings -- I'm actually questioning the word used at the council of Tours, because my understanding was that the vernacular (whether or not a form of vulgar Latin) was what was specified...JHK


 * Hmm, did it apply to non-romance-speaking areas? Ah, wait, here's a reference: « it was decided "that all bishops, in their sermons, give necessary exhortations for the edification of the people, and that they translate these sermons into rustica Romana lingua, or into German, so that all be able to understand what they say." » Okay, better make that "vernacular". --Brion VIBBER


 * Could we perhaps focus on the fact that "Vulgar Latin" is a specific phrase coined by philologists to refer to this form of Latin (using the word "vulgar" of course in its original sense, not the contemporary definition quoted above), whereas the expression, "the vernacular", is not restricted to Latin? I don't think there's any real dispute.  Deb


 * Agreed. --Brion VIBBER

Moving on to other strange things in this article: can anybody explain what this statement means? "Vulgar Latin developed differently in two principal directions: italian-french on one side, and anglo-saxon (german-english) on the other side." I'm not too clear about this "anglo-saxon" or "german-english" Vulgar Latin; what is it? Where is it evidenced? What happened to it? And where do Iberia and Romania (to the west and east of the areas mentioned) fit in? Brion VIBBER, Thursday, May 30, 2002


 * That's a new one on me, and I didn't spot it in the article. It's true that Vulgar Latin did develop differently in different geographical directions - more than two, I would have said - but I've never heard of any Anglo-Saxon version.  On the contrary, the Germanic languages are a quite separate sub-group of Indo-European.  My guess is that someone has their wires crossed.  Deb

May 30


 * The other possibility is that he was trying to say something about Vulgar Latin as spoken in Roman-occupied Britain... but that would likely be prior to the invasion by the Germanic-speaking Angles and Saxons, so I'm left even more confused! --Brion VIBBER


 * I take the point, but if that's what is meant, then it's quite wrongly expressed and still begs the other questions you asked. Yes, Latin did survive in Britain in the context of the Celtic church - I've seen a pidgin form on Celtic Christian monuments - but not in England.  I doubt the Saxons would have had more than a nodding acquaintance with the language, until they were converted by an emissary from Rome in about 600AD.  Obviously their attempts to use Latin would have been flawed, but the important point is that, for them, it would not have constituted the vernacular, but would have been a literary language, as used by Bede and others of that period.  I don't think this falls within our definition of Vulgar Latin. Deb

Are you sure that sive has no descendants in Romance? I think Romanian sau "or" comes from it. -phma 04:05, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

A couple of possibilities
I have not had the chance to check the following two brief comments carefully, but I thought that I'd submit them before I forget them.

Are you sure that domus and magnus do not have any Romance reflexes (via Vulgar Latin)? I should have thought that domus is reflected in Sp. domo, Fr. dôme, and Italian duomo (obviously the sense has become more specific, viz. referring to [ecclesiastical] architecture) as well as in the titles (Sp.) mayordomo and (It.) maggiordomo (and Fr. majordome?). As for magnus, Old French has maigne and maine (though there's always an outside possibility that these reflect a Germanic word).

Of course it's always tricky to tell without thorough research that Romance languages have not reborrowed the words later, but these two examples seem worth checking to me. -- A. G. Kozák


 * I think that the duomo in Italian may be a Germanic borrowing. In Swedish, a cathedral is a domkyrka, literally a "judgment church," i.e. the church where the bishop held his court.  Most Romance do keep some forms of magnus for comparison, Spanish has mayor and so forth.  It's sometimes hard to tell whether these words are preserved or reborrowed.  I have expanded the section on vocabulary with some different Classical and Vulgar parallelisms with examples I think are a bit less ambiguous.  Smerdis of Tlön 14:09, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/generic/affiche.exe?32;s=2473386015;d=1;f=2;t=2;r=3; says: (1)I. DÔME n. m. XVIe siècle, domme. Emprunté de l'italien duomo, « église cathédrale » (XIIIe siècle), du latin domus, « maison », employé dans domus (Dei), « maison de Dieu », domus (episcopi), « maison de l'évêque », d'où « église épiscopale ».  &mdash;Casey J. Morris 18:36, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

I have noticed the same two words. Italian duomo is from Lat. domus, with change of gender, m. to f. The sense is "house of the Lord" (domus Domini), i.e. church. In contemporary use, it means the main church of a town and competes with cattedrale, e.g. Duomo di Milano, Duomo di Firenze. The Oxford English Dictionary concords with this view.

Sardinian certainly preserves both: unu polatu est una domo manna meda 'a building is a very big house' (Example from www.ditzionariu.org, the online version of Mario Puddu, Ditzionàriu de sa limba e de sa cultura sarda, Cagliari 2000). Sprocedato 22:59, 19 September 2005 (UTC)

Romance
The article says the term "Romance" comes from ROMANICAE LOCI.

I had read that it comes from the adverbial form of ROMANICVS, as in ROMANICE PARABOLARE &gt; hablar romance (with the typical loss of unstressed vowels in the middle of words).

This seems more likely to me. In Spanish at least, we can see that the abverbial form was used for talking about the language, e.g. hablar latín &lt; LATINE PARABOLARE (to be contrasted with the adjective latino from LATINVS . &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 17:04, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * That may be; it also might represent (lingua) romanica, the language of the Roman empire. Might want to alter that to say simply that it comes from ROMANICU(M) / ROMANICA, "of the Roman empire;" that paragraph is not one of mine, though, so whoever wrote it first might want to step in.  Smerdis of Tlön 19:05, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * I don't see how it would have come from any form of ROMANICVS, A, VM except for its adverb. Modern Spanish has idioma románico from IDIOMA ROMANICVM and lengua románica from LINGVA ROMANICA, and romance from ROMANICE .  I'm sure the old French form romanz (which gave us the English word) is the same.  The adjectival forms would have given *romanique.


 * I've consulted my Diccionario Esencial Santillana de la Lengua Española  and under romance is says "(del lat. romanice, en románico)".  I'm going to alter the article.    &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 21:10, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The article is somewhat poor
The best was to gather speakers of the main Romance languages to help build it. And compare them, to Vulgar Latin. I've read documents from Portugal of the 12th century and Vulgar Latin and Classical latin where seem as separeted languages. How can you explain why Latin Grammar was so different from Vulgar Latin? Equus and caballus were two words for the two separated languages from Rome. If Vulgar Latin evolved from Classical, why the Romance languages evolved in grammar and lexicon in the same way and from that same way they shifted the sounds? The language brought to Portugal in the 150 BC was the same that it is spoken today but modified by the dust of time. Classical Latin was until very recently the language of high-society and since allways (in Portugal) a country with almost 1000 yrs of independence, seen has two very different latin languages (but related). Portuguese was adopted in Portugal, not because it wasnt inteligible, but because Portuguese language (Portugal's Vulgar Latin) became very popular for poetry, earlier it happened with provençal, and sometime later, the same with languages, like Spanish. Please see the evolution of Portuguese from vulgar latin: Portuguese language. Why not build the same for Spanish, Italian, French and Romanian, at least, for comparation and evolution? -Pedro 15:23, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * No, it's actually quite a good article. Some changes do need to be made, however.  I'm making them right now:
 * More consistency with the "Latin in capitals, Romance in italics" rule.
 * Wiki tables instead of HTML ones
 * Fixing grammar, punctuation etc.
 * Filling in a few gaps
 * More consistency with transcriptions
 * etc
 * &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 16:46, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * FWIW, the distinction I've tried to follow, and which seems to be followed in several books I've seen, is that Latin words considered as etymological roots appear in capitals; Latin texts or attested forms from authors appear as any other foreign language texts, in italics. This is what I went by in my edits; of course, consistency being the hobgoblin that it is, I doubt I applied it in every case.  Smerdis of Tlön 17:04, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * I agree that is the normal academic practice. I'm implementing it right now.   &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 17:08, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Has allways I contributed with Portuguese. As for pronunciation of céu (Sky) in Portuguese, is \sEw\ the sound \sew\ (seu) means "yours". -Pedro 20:17, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Spelling and capitalisation conventions
I vote we should be as accurate as possible in this article. This means we shouldn't support the fiction that letters such as U existed, or that lower-case letters were used in Latin.

Now, don't get me wrong, I'm not saying we should abandon English standards. I know that it is normal, for example, to write "curriculum vitae" in English, even though in actual Latin the "v" was not something separate from the "u", and "curriculum uitae" would be more correct, and " CVRRICVLVM VITAE " even better still. But I'm not saying we should change usage. I understand that these words have become part of the language. I don't want ordinary people to have to write like the Romans, or pronounce [ku'rrikulum 'wi:tae] instead of [kh&#601;'&#633;&#618;khj&#601;l&#601;m va&#618;thi:] or however they like to say it. I get the idea of English usage. I get that quotations that people repeat in order to sound learned, such as alea jacta est! are best written and pronounced the way people usually do.

It's just that in a serious description of Latin, such English usage has no bearing whatsoever. To say in all seriousness that, for example, jugamos came from jocamus is to lie. It came from IOCAMVS. This principle applies generally: I think we should always tell the truth.

Because of this, I advocate the use of Latin orthography (as close to the real thing as practical) in this article and certain others, and I'll revert any change to this unless it is backed up with arguments. &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 19:22, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * I'm backing this up with an argument, so I don't expect that you will revert these changes, based on your statement above.


 * I take issue with your position that the standard contemporary manner in which Latin is rendered is "inaccurate." In addition, I don't believe that this is "support[ing] the fiction that letters such as U existed, or that lower-case letters were used in Latin."


 * Any Latin textbook, as well as my copies of Latin histories and poetry in Latin are all rendered with the v/u distinction (but not with j's, and not with macrons over the vowels outside of textbooks) and with lowercase letters, capitalization for the beginning of sentences and proper nouns, and with basic punctuation. It would be counterproductive and nonstandard (and not just for English text with the periodic Latin phrase thrown in now and then) for us to decide that any use of lattin must be in the 24 letter alphabet and in all caps.


 * And, by the way, I don't think it's very good form to set terms that must be met by others or else you plan to revert the article, since this isn't your article, Chameleon.


 * Thanks, BCorr | &#1041;&#1088;&#1072;&#1081;&#1077;&#1085; 21:03, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * Well it's definitely not yours! All you've done is revert work.  It's more User:Ihcoyc's baby.  But anyway, that's irrelevant.  Stick to the subject, which is that the way you have put the article gives the false impression that Latin was written like modern languages.  Readers are better served by having the truth told, I contend.  It may be standard in some sense to pretend that Latin was written in a certain way, but at the end of the day it wasn't.  It just wasn't.  So why pretend?  Why are readers better served by being told something that isn't true?


 * "Counterproductive"? How?  How can the truth be counterproductive?  You have to consider different the different purposes: a book of poetry in Latin published in the 21st century has the clear aim of entertaining non-native speakers of Latin in the 21st century.  To do this, it is appropriate to adopt certain conventions that readers will be shocked to find broken.  An article on etymology has a completely different goal.  It aims to highlight and not white-wash the differences between a source language at one point in time, and a receiving language at another point.  With this objective, it is clearly counterproductive to artificially minimise the difference between the two language variants in question.


 * You take issue with my position, but you can't deny it. Chameleon 22:35, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * Quamquam litterae U et u non classicae sunt, Vicipaedia Latina tamen eis utitur. Or... although U and u are not used in classical Latin, they are used on the Latin Wikipedia. I think demonstrates that it is not "wrong" to use them. It is very common for both lower case letters, and for letters not traditionally used in Latin, to be used now. I don't think the article should be changed just to reflect a view that the way the majority of textbooks write these words is wrong. Angela. 21:44, Aug 9, 2004 (UTC)


 * Come on, that is quite a laughable argument. I took a look at the Latin Wikipedia a while ago.  I saw they weren't even capable of discussing on the Village Pump in Latin.  They were writing in English!  What a farce!  I would love the Latin WP to be a vibrant community, and I'd participate in it, but the fact is that it is basically on the same level as the Klingon WP: a bunch of geeks pretending to be speakers of a language nobody speaks.  The way of writing of such people, who can't even communicate fluently in the language in question (I'm not claiming fluency in Latin either, but I don't presume to edit on that WP) is wholly irrelevant and should definitely not be taken as a standard.  In any case, even if Latin were revived as a spoken language, and became the mother tongue of millions in the modern world, being used in online projects, I would obviously expect them to modify the language to a great degree, adding numerous neologisms to describe the world they were in, and using modern typography, and probably L33t and emoticons to boot!  But all this has no bearing on statements we make in encyclopaedia articles about the language of Rome two millennia ago.


 * Following your argument that modern Latin usage must prevail, even when the point is the describe Classical Latin, one could say that Linnaeus' names for species were the correct names to use in etymologies. For example, saying that Spanish león comes from Panthera leo rather than the Classical accusative LEONEM .  After all, Panthera leo is what we see in all the most respected textbooks, isn't it?  It is indeed the modern, international standard.  If asked for the Latin name for the lion, nobody would come out with LEONEM, would they?  Who cares about the truth, eh?  Only what most people do counts, doesn't it? Chameleon 22:35, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * It's not only the Latin Wikipedia doing this though, so your claims about it not being a worthy enough reference are irrelevant. As I already said, the standard in academic works and Latin textbooks is to include the letter u. This article is not the place for opinions on what the "truth" is to be pushed. By the way, the Maori language Wikipedia also use English on their village pump, as do a lot of new Wikipedias, including Arabic when it was smaller so clearly that is no sign of being some sort of joke language. Angela. 00:32, Aug 10, 2004 (UTC)


 * They are of course relevant, because that was your example. If it is irrelevant, you made the irrelevant point.
 * Use of English is definitely a sign that the contributors are non-native and not even proficient in the language in question, and that this language may be a bit of a joke or dead, even if it is not the case with Arabic. I trust there are actual Arabic speakers on that WP now.
 * The article obviously is the place to push forward the truth, upon which we previously agree here, as with any article.
 * You need to go to bed. So do I.  Goodnight. Chameleon 01:04, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * The problem is that the V was U, they simply wrote the U that way. In the article there should be info that the V is in fact the modern U. Camaleão, you also changed it in the Portuguese lang. article. Although I do not disagree, I think that will mislead people.


 * FWIW, my preference is that (Vulgar) Latin words used as etymological roots be capitalized, while ordinary Latin text appear in italics like any other foreign language text. This is the way a number of books on the subject I've seen have it, inlcuding the two I cited in the article in chief.    I frankly have no strong feelings on the matter, provided that hypothetical roots are always *asterixed. Smerdis of Tlön 03:08, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * In Portuguese dictionary states: "Aquele" (that one –to people, animals and sometimes things) comes from "eccu elle"
 * Is "Port. aqueste (*ecce iste)." Portuguese? in modern Portuguese we only use "este" (this one, from ipse) or aquilo from eccu + illud. (means that one – to things). Hugs.-Pedro 23:07, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * Hmm, aqueste must be mediaeval Portuguese. It certainly occurs in mediaeval Castilian, as well as modern Catalan.  Change the article.  Chameleon 23:31, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * yes, it is mediaeval Portuguese. I saw it in a medieval poem. -Pedro 00:51, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Oath of Strasbourg translation
"d'ist di en avant" is translated as "till that day". Shouldn't it be "starting today", or literally "from this day on" ? Bogdan | Talk 20:31, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)
 * You're slow! I corrected that earlier!    &mdash; Chameleon Main/Talk/Images 21:44, 6 Aug 2004 (UTC)

aquele, aquela, etc.
I've written in the article all the Portuguese "look" that I remember and searched in the diccionary. For further development of that:

aquele (*eccu ille): that male (person or animal) aquela (*eccu illa): that female (person or animal) aquilo (*eccu illud): that thing cá (*eccu hac): in here aqui (*eccu hic): in here acolá (*eccu illac): in there aquém (*eccu + inde): to here.

-Pedro 12:24, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

what is this article about?
If the title were simply "Late Latin" it would be clear what the article covers; but doesn't the name "vulgar Latin" suggest that using the 2nd century as our starting-point is a little unfair? What about the vulgar speech during the classical era? What article is that covered in? Well, a lot of it is covered here, after all, since (as only tangentially mentioned in the article right now) much of this stuff dates back that far. (Indeed, some can be found in Plautus and Terrence, ca. 200 BCE, two names conspicuously absent from the article.) So shouldn't the article be pushed back earlier in its scope? Or alternatively, divided into two: "Vulgar Latin" and "Late Latin"? Doops 05:20, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


 * Yes, you're quite right, "Vulgar Latin" and "Late Latin" are not synonymous. Somewhere in the history of this article, someone decided (wrongly) to set an arbitrary start date on Vulgar Latin.  I now think that's unreasonable, and I've amended the introduction accordingly. Deb 21:50, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

In Portuguese we call vulgar latin has "língua vulgar" (people's language - name given to the language in the 12th century) and Late Latin has "latim macarrónico" (I dont know how to say it in English but it is something like Modern Portuguese-influenced Latin), and it is still used in Portuguese Universities by students, we use it in college in praxis traditions). For example, when an Academic meeting/dinner is proposed, a paper is written in Macarronic Latin. it is also used (spoken) among older students gatterings to make a sentence or an academic baptism. It is used because it is perfectly understood, while Classical Latin couldnt always be. I believe that Late Latin has nothing to do with Vulgar latin! Vulgar latin is a natural language while Late Latin is not. -Pedro 19:29, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * Macaronic Latin is also a term understood in English, where it's also sometimes called dog Latin. Not sure if we have an article on either of them, but if not we should.  I agree fully that a cut-off date is inappropriate, and that many of the features of late Latin may have been present in ordinary speech for centuries before they were attested, precisely because literary Latin had so clearly defined norms.  Palmer's The Latin Language, which I don't have in front of me at the moment, goes into detail about the variety of early attested forms that were pruned to create the rather narrowly defined literary norms.  The very nice work that's been done recently on Saturnians as a verse form contained an instance of loss of final -M that dates to around 150 BC; I added a reference to that as well.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:55, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * Even Don Quixote de La Mancha was translated to Macarronic Latin:
 * Historia / Domini / Quijoti Manchegui / Traducta in Latinem Macarrônicum / per / Ignatium Calvum / (Curam misae et ollae).
 * It was published in Madrid, in 1905. José Leonardo (Brazil).

Vowels
I wrote some comments on vowels in the article under the. -Pedro 19:48, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * What's with the Breves? I've never seen latin transcriptions use any more than macrons and it seems fairly redundant. AEuSoes1 01:12, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

pot as metaphor for head
Interestingly enough, this metaphor is present in Hungarian as well, at least in the ironic intimidation "kupan vaglak", meaning approximately "I will hit your cup/bowl", ie, your head:).--Tamas 09:30, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


 * Actually the metaphor is in English too, roughly: mug = face. &#8212;Muke Tever 17:29, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Breach of NPOV?
"As such, their phonetic erosion was hindered." To speak of phonetic erosion rings with a non-neutral prescriptivist-biased vibe to me.


 * Go and change all the articles on glaciers, valleys, mountains and rivers first.  Chameleon 17:16, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Neuter gender
Apart from a remnant in Italian (le uova fresche), the neuter gender has been kept as a very distinct category in Astur-Leonese, where adjectives have three endings: bonu, bona, bono. The neuter gender in this Romance language has an interesting grammatical usage; see for example http://www.uniovi.es/aal/archivos_pdf/neutro_materia.pdf (in Spanish). Uaxuctum 18:04, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


 * There are traces of a similar fenomenon in Italian dialects. It affects some uncountable nouns meaning substance and material. In those dialects the singular article has a third, "neuter" form, used with these nouns. They are all masculine nouns under any other respect.


 * Such dialects span a vast area, from Southern Umbria and Southern Marche to Campania, Basilicata and Northern Puglia. The forms vary from place to place but all come from m. lu < illu(m), n. lo* < illud. The asterisk means that the next consonant, if possible, is pronounced as double. For example, in Naples, o cane 'the dog' is masculine and o ppane 'the bread' is neuter. My source is Gerhard Rohlfs, Grammatica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, Torino 1966-1968.


 * As for le uova fresche, I don't like the way the article treats this subject. It certainly is a clear remnant of Latin neuter but, as accord shows, it is no more a grammatical gender. It is a declension. To say that in Italian exists a neuter gender is descriptively cumbersome and historically misleading. If neuter grammatical gender had been retained, there would have been no phonetic or analogical reason for *la uova fresca to evolve into something else.


 * There are subtleties not completely solved, as far as I know, in the historical development. Put it simply, it is not clear why *la uova fresca became le uova fresche and not, say, **le uove fresche or **li uova freschi. Sprocedato 00:56, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Kopf example?
'In Vulgar Latin, classical caput, "head", yielded to testa (originally "pot," a metaphor common throughout Western Europe ? cf. English cup with German Kopf) in most forms of western Romance, including Italian.'

German Kopf is generally recognized as being derived from Latin caput, replacing the original German Haupt (which shares the same root with English head). "Pot" would be Topf, not Kopf, though I guess this is just a coincedence :-) --172.176.226.120 23:23, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)


 * I quote from Grimm's Wörterbuch here.
 * a) es ist erst seit der mhd. zeit allmälich in gebrauch gekommen, und zwar ohne zweifel aus dem vorigen kopf entwickelt, hat aber dann das alte wort dafür, haupt, immer mehr zurückgedrängt und behauptet im eigentlichen sinne nun so gut wie allein den platz. es ist übrigens auszer dem hd. nur noch nd. und nl., kop, während in schwed. hufvud, dän. hoved, engl. head der alte ausdruck den platz behielt (doch vgl. e).
 * It clearly claims "indeed, without a doubt" developing from the former "kopf".(Cup)
 * (Actually, the germanic words probably(?) shares the same root as latin Caput. Websters seem to claim otherwise.)
 * From what I could find out, topf seems related to english deep, dip, dive, and german taufen(baptize).
 * You seem to confuse etymology and cognates, with words' modern meanings. =S


 * Caput doesn't mean pot, testa did. Testa, pot, later meant head. It's the opposite for the examples given in English and German. And Webster is correct etymologically.75.64.224.80 08:23, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Fungo
There is no fungo in Spanish, if that's what the article means.


 * The word appears in my Spanish-English dictionary. Smerdis of Tlön 16:33, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Majorcan
The Majorcan dialect also takes its articles (es, sa) from ipse, ipsa. But since I guess Majorcan diverged from other Catalan dialects quite later, I didn't dare to include it with the Sardinian mention.


 * The "es", "sa" form existed in all Catalan dialects, but was lost during the Middle Ages, remaining only in some dialects.

Fear of the irrealis
Could the auxliarization of the future be caused by fear of the irrealis? I mean, using the standard future could be seen as a bad omen, like imposing your will on fate. In several languages (and several times), the future has been replaced by a form with "I want to", "I go to", "I have to". See the English will and gonna. I suppose it's a studied phenomenon.

Yes
What is the origin of the word, "Sí", meaning "yes" in spanish, italian and (sometimes) in french? Sic - thus, so? (According to the page about Romanian Language, Latin does not have a word for "yes". Is this true?)

Classical Latin did not have a word for 'yes'. They would have used rough equivalents such as 'Certe'. (Decius)


 * Yes, "sí" comes from "sic". And more strictly correct would be that Latin had several words used for agreement, but not one that corresponds exactly to English "yes".  Apparently the most ordinary word though was "etiam" : Cicero says "aut 'etiam' aut 'non' responde" ("answer either 'yes' or 'no'").  Other yes-like words are ita, sic, sane, maxime, admodum, oppido, certe, plane, and planissime.  (source:  ISBN 086516438X )  &#8212;Muke Tever 15:23, 6 Jan 2005 (UTC)

S lost
Shouldn't there be something about how the S in middle of words got laxer? In french, it seems basically gone, and in spanish I believe it has often turend into a very lax s-sound...

Caput
The Classical Latin word caput has survived with the same original meaning in the Romanian word cap, which means the 'head' in the anatomical sense, not metaphorical. Capul Meu means 'my head' in Romanian, showing the article attached to the end of the word (cap-ul). The fact that caput survives as cap in Romanian must be stated in the body of the article. Vulgar Latin testa is not used for the 'head' in Romanian in polite speech, because it resonates with the meaning 'skull' that it has in Romanian.


 * Wrong. "&#354;east&#259;" is still used, but mostly with the meaning of "skull", but also as "head". Bogdan | Talk 19:28, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Classical Latin word testa (which meant pot, jug, shell) entered Romanian and again preserved some of the Classical meanings: &#355;est means either a type of bell-shaped vessel used to cover hot bakeries or it can mean 'shell'. &#355;estos means 'having a shell' and &#355;estoasa means 'shelled'. A turtle or tortoise is often called a broasca &#355;estoasa which literally means 'shelled frog'. (Decius)


 * It. capo is used in many metaphorical senses, but also in anatomical sense, competing with It. testa. It is a matter of regional habits and personal taste. 'Headache' is mal di testa and, less frequent but equally correct, mal di capo. Sprocedato 01:24, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

The word CAPVT originated both the French "chef" and the Portuguese "cabeça" (i.e. head) and "cabo" (i.e. cape [as in Cape Town, "Cidade do Cabo"] or the military rank just bellow sargeant [cape as well?]). "Cabo" is also used in the expression "de cabo a rabo", i.e. "from head to tail", "from the begining to the end". José Leonardo (Brazil).

Albus/blancus

 * Classical only: albus
 * Classical and Romance: blancus
 * English: white
 * Also - Potuguese: alvo, branco, alvi- (when in composed words, like "alvi-verde", "white-and-green". José Leonardo (Brazil).

Actually, "alb" (<lat. "albus") is Romanian for "white", so it's not "classical only". Bogdan | Talk 20:01, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Yes indeed that chart was wrong: I fixed it. Spot an error, go ahead and fix it, that's what I say. (Decius)


 * So it has only survived in Romanian? I believe Romanian is generally the least known Romance language, so it is not strange that it wasn't noted.


 * Also Romanian is apparently the first language to split from Vulgar Latin as a language of its own, so it's well possible that albus was replaced by blancus after Romanian split off but before any other splits happened. (Normally languages don't split off very neatly, but to my knowledge contacts between what is today Romania and other parts of the late Latin-speaking territory were severed quite suddenly.) But no, Romanian is not the least known Romance language. Occitan and Sardinian, for example, are probably far less known among linguists. Oghmoir 13:35, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

'Blancus' (which is a Latinized spelling/form not the actual form) is a Germanic word, and it was not used in the Latin or in the Vulgar Latin that evolved into Romanian, so Romanian never had the Germanic word 'blancus' in the first place. So that's why the Romanian word for 'white' is alb, inherited from classical Latin albus. Yes, Romanian was the first Romance language to split from Vulgar Latin, and it subsequently became cut off from other Romance languages in the Dark Ages. Decius 05:27, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * "Blancus" is attested in medieval Latin, both as an adjective meaning "white" and, substantively, meaning a silver coin. (source: Niermeyer, Mediae Latinitas Lexicon Minus)  &#8212;Muke Tever 06:55, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

If it's from Medieval Latin, then it's most likely a consciously Latinized form of a Germanic word, which of course would not have had the form 'blancus'. Decius 07:26, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * Well... I was responding to the bit about it being "a hypothetical spelling/form not the actual form". (You may have meant it as referring to the Germanic form, but it read to me as referring to the Latin form, and "blancus" is indeed what it was.)
 * BTW, I don't see how it was "most likely" consciously Latinized from the German &#8212; it was probably just an unconcious Romancism creeping in from the native language of the author(s).  This is medieval Latin, not the better-educated Humanist Latin of later periods.  &#8212;Muke Tever 18:13, 10 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Well, I said, "which from what I remember is a hypothetical etc..." because I wasn't sure, because I have one reference (American Heritage Dictionary) that says 'blancus' is unattested, but I didn't rely on one reference, so I left the possibility open. So no error was made on my part (if I had said, "it is definitely unattested", then I would have been wrong). I consider it to have been consciously Latinized (there was conscious Latinzation of words going on even in those texts), and I'm not the only one (though it's not "a fact" that it was consciously Latinized, to my knowledge). The Library of Congress Catalog Card number of the american heritage dictionary I referenced is 76-86995, and on pg. 139 you'll find the erroneous statement that 'blancus' is unattested. Decius 00:23, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * Whoa... relax, man. I wasn't intending to correct an "error" on your part, I was attempting to supply information you had admitted not having to hand.  &#8212;Muke Tever 22:17, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. Decius 22:26, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)


 * Another word in several Neo-Romanic tongues that comes indirectelly from Ancient Germanic is "guerra" (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian), related to Modern English "war". José Leonardo (Brazil).

perfect tense formed with auxiliary verbs
This article is very interesting -- but I'm surprised that it doesn't mention/explain the fact that the Romance languages have a perfect tense formed with auxiliary verbs that Classical Latin didn't have. It would seem that this must have developed in Vulgar Latin before the languages became separated? Joriki 23:08, 15 September 2005 (UTC)


 * You are right, composite tenses should be treated in this article. And probably also the different coalescence of vowels in Western Romance, Sardinian and Romanian, since this topic is touched without explaining it.


 * There will unavoidably be some overlap with Romance Languages, but efforts should be made to minimize it. Sprocedato 01:53, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

Lac
In the section "Gender: loss of the neuter", we read:


 * "French le lait, Spanish la leche, Portuguese o leite, and Italian il latte, "milk", all presuppose a Latin accusative *lacte(m), which in fact did not occur in classical Latin in the neuter noun lac. Note also that Spanish assigned it to the feminine gender, while Portuguese, Italian and French made it masculine."

Oxford Latin Dictionary (1996) cites the following non-standard forms (p. 992):


 * "nom. acc. lacte Enn. Ann. 352; Pl. Bac.6; Men.1089; Cato Agr. 86; 150.1; Var. R. 2.1.4; Petr.38.1; Plin.Nat.23.126; etc.; lact Var.Men.26; L.5.104; Plin.Nat.11.232;22.116;acc. lactem Petr.71.1;Apul.Met.8.19;8.28; Gel. 12.1.17"

So the form lactem does in fact occur. Furthermore, the neutre lacte is frequent since our earliest texts. Considering that the Romance forms can come from both lacte and lactem, they cannot serve as a testimony of the loss of the neutre. We must find a better example or rephrase the section so that it focuses on the confusions in Classical Latin.

It would also be useful if we distinguished more explicitly morphological confusion (neutre declensions being absorbed my masculine declensions) from syntactical confusion (old neutres being used with adjectives or pronouns in the masculine). Enkyklios 16:42, 16 January 2006 (UTC)


 * I have separated that paragraph, and amended it to clarify that lacte and lactem are indeed attested non-standard forms. Smerdis of Tlön 16:57, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Another question about this §: right now it claims


 * Most neuter gender nouns of the second and third declensions were absorbed by the masculine gender, since the accusative endings -UM or -EM was the same for both.

But of course -em isn't a neuter accusative ending. So what's the sentence trying to say? Doops | talk 20:00, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Question About Vowel Phonology
In general, the article appears to be very good and factually reliable. One question, however, involves the chart on the development of Vulgar Latin vowel sounds from Classical Latin vowel sounds. The article has:


 * AV (Cl. L. spelling), /au/ (Cl. L. pronunciation), /au/ (V.L. Pronunciation)

But I had always thought it was:


 * AV (Cl. L. spelling), /au/ (Cl. L. pronunciation), /o/ (V.L. Pronunciation)

(Thus giving, for example: oro (Span., Ital.) from aurum; orejo (Span.), orecchio (Ital.) from aureculum.)

-- Bob Bob99


 * The change /au/ > /o/ did in fact occur in just about every Romance language. However, it happened well after other changes from original VL /o/, and as such /o/ resulting from /au/ is treated differently from /o/ that was /o/ in Classical Latin.  For instance, short Latin /o/ became "uo" in Old French, often written "oeu" in Modern French: CL ovum > MF oeuf, "egg".  And long Latin /o:/ becomes "ou"  or "eu" in French: CL florem > F fleur.  Similar sequences can be constructed in Spanish, Portuguese, and most other Western Romance languages.  But CL aurum, "gold" gets taken into French as or, Spanish oro &c.; the /o/ resulting from CL /au/ is preserved, and does not participate in the changes that original /o/ suffered.  It follows, therefore, that the change to /au/ must have happened at some time after the CL /o/ and /o:/ sounds were changed in the spoken language.  Does this make more sense?  Smerdis of Tlön 04:31, 16 February 2006 (UTC)


 * /au/ is preserved in Romanian, South Italian and Provençal (e.g. aurum > Rom., Prov. aur, laudat > Rom. laudă, Prov. lauza), and it becomes /ou/ in [Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (e.g. aurum > ouro, causa > cousa). Furthermore, the monophthongisation of /au/ must be later than the French palatalisation of /k, g/ to // (> //) before original /a/ (e.g. causa > chose, gaudēre > jouir = caballus > cheval, gamba > jambe), and this palatalisation must itself be later than the Frankic conquest (cf. Germ. *kausjan > choisir). However, there was a monophthongisations in certain registers of Classical Latin already, cf. Claudius > Clōdius, auricula > ōricula, and some words have survived with an old monophthong in the Romance languages (cf. cauda > cōda > Rom. coada, Prov. koza, French queue). Enkyklios 15:21, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Question about meaning of sentence
I'm translating this article and I do not understand the following sentence: thus, I cannot translate it. If it is not explained to me, I will simply remove it from the translation.
 * Both the diphthongs AE and OE also fell in with /e/.

-- Zantastik  talk  03:59, 16 February 2006 (UTC)


 * It means in essence that a phonemic merger obliterated the difference between the sounds written AE, OE, and E itself, and all of them came to be pronounced as /e/.

Smerdis of Tlön 04:22, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Verbs
I realy don't understand why you choose a verb like amorere (to love), it is true that much of the Romance languages use this verb, except of the romanian language and that's why I think it's better to choose a verb that is used by all the great Romance languages. I say this, because I think that only then you can compare all the 5 languages with each other.

Pronunciation of vulgar Latin
I know of no reason to assume that Latin (either classical or vulgar) had near-close vowels. Romance languages typically do not have them. To be frank, it looks suspiciously as if someone has been attempting to pronounce Latin with an English accent. The pronunciation should be checked. FilipeS 16:53, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, the evidence for near-close vowels is indirect: in the Western Romance languages and Italian at least, Latin long ī and ū remained high /i/ and /u/, while short ĭ and ŭ merged with long ē and ō to become close-mid /e/ and /o/. (Short ĕ and ŏ became open-mid and . This strongly suggests that the difference between ī/ū and ĭ/ŭ was one of quality as well as quantity, just as the difference between ē/ō and ĕ/ŏ was. User:Angr 10:41, 19 July 2006 (UTC)


 * Sorry, but I still don't see how that proves that Latin ever had lax vowels, like Germanic languages do. A difference in "quality" can be many things. In most dialects of all Romance languages, you don't find a single lax vowel! (Quebec French is an exception, but its phonology may have been influenced by English). FilipeS 15:01, 5 August 2006 (UTC)


 * The phonology of the Modern Romance languages is, of course, irrelevant. The facts are that Latin ĭ and ē underwent a phonemic merger, as did ŭ and ō, but ī and ū remained separate. While I suppose it is possible to think up another explanation, the most plausible one remains the hypothesis that ĭ was and ŭ was . User:Angr 15:43, 5 August 2006 (UTC)


 * I suspect that we are misunderstanding each other. I can't see IPA with the browser I'm using right now, so we may be talking past each other. Notice that what I objected to was the claim (present in a previous version of the article, but now corrected) that Vulgar Latin had lax vowels (near-close vowels). I was not referring to close-mid vowels, which medieval Vulgar Latin did have, as do still most Romance languages. FilipeS 20:06, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I am talking about near-close vowels; if you can't see IPA I'll use the SAMPA character /I/ and /U/. At some point short i merged with long e as a close-mid vowel, and short u merged with long o as a close-mid vowel, but before that merger short i and u must have been /I/ and /U/, because they couldn't have been /i/ and /u/ (or else they would have merged with long i and long u when vowel length was lost), nor could they have been /e/ and /o/ (or else they would have been spelled E and O already in Classical Latin). Now I don't know whether we want to assign /I/ and /U/ to Vulgar Latin or Classical Latin; perhaps the merger of /I/ with /e:/ and /U/ with /o:/ can be taken as one of the sound changes marking the boundary between Classical and Vulgar Latin. But it's clear that at some early point short i and short u were pronounced /I/ and /U/ and only later merged with /e:/ and /o:/. This was certainly the case in British Latin, because the merger didn't happen there, as shown by the treatment of Latin loanwords in Welsh. User:Angr 07:28, 6 August 2006 (UTC)


 * /I/ and /U/ s are not just near-close, though. They're also near front, or near back. What evidence is there that the vowels of Latin were ever near-front/near-back? Why would they have been near-centralized, and then decentralized again?
 * And another objection: you seem to be talking about a short transition period between Classical Latin and "standard" medieval Vulgar Latin. But shound't these articles give the pronunciation of "standard" Classical Latin and of the "standard" period of Vulgar Latin? FilipeS
 * The IPA symbols for vowels are fairly vague. They have "idealized" values, but in practice they cover whole regions of vowel space. /I/ can be used for any sort of frontish unrounded vowel between a given language's /i/ and its /e/. The English word kit is phonemically /kIt/ in virtually every accent, but the phonetics of how that /I/ is realized differs greatly from one accent to another. An Australian's /I/ is different from an American's /I/ and both are different from a Scot's /I/, but they're all /I/. The same applies to Vulgar Latin: we know there was a vowel between /i/ and /e/, so we use the symbol /I/ to represent it. Doing so makes no claim as to its exact phonetics. Was it like the Australian /I/, the American /I/, the Scottish /I/, or none of the above? No one knows; we just know it wasn't like the Latin /i:/ or the Latin /e:/. To your next point, I'm not talking about medieval Vulgar Latin at all; by the Middle Ages Vulgar Latin had already developed into the early forms of the Romance languages. The time period I'm talking about is late Antiquity, from about the 1st to 4th century AD. Since Welsh treats Latin /i:/, /I/, and /e:/ all differently in loanwords, the three must still have been distinct in Latin speech in the 1st century, at the time of the Roman conquest of Britain. But the merger couldn't have been too much later, either, because it's found in all Romance languages except the notoriously conservative Sardinian and (I think) Romanian. What it comes down to is this: there wasn't one, immutable Vulgar Latin that spanned the eight centuries from Plautus to Gregory of Tours, and when we're discussing whether or not Vulgar Latin had the vowels /I/ and /U/ we need to specify at what point in time (and what geographical location) we're talking about. Plautus's speech probably did have the vowels; Petronius's almost definitely did; but by Gregory's time they had certainly already merged with /e/ and /o/. User:Angr 14:35, 6 August 2006 (UTC)


 * You note, quite rightly, that "The IPA symbols for vowels are fairly vague. They have "idealized" values, but in practice they cover whole regions of vowel space. /I/ can be used for any sort of frontish unrounded vowel between a given language's /i/ and its /e/", and that "An Australian's /I/ is different from an American's /I/ and both are different from a Scot's /I/, but they're all /I/". But I think you are brushing aside too easily the important fact that, no matter what the exact realization of /I/ and /U/ is, those symbols are normally used for transcribing vowels which are at least a little centralized with respect to /i/ and /e/. Now, where is the evidence that the vowels of Latin ever underwent such centralization proccess?
 * I don't know much about Welsh, so I feel a bit uneasy discussing your argument, but must say that I don't find the fact that Latin loanwords in Welsh distiguish between Classical Latin's /i:/, /i~e/, and /e:/ persuasive. Perhaps it was Welsh, not Latin, which centralized short /i~e/ to /I/ after the words had been borrowed (or as it borrowed them). This would seem to be in agreement with the general characteristics of the phonology of Welsh.
 * Finally, according to the Wikipedia's own article, the term "Vulgar Latin" has more than one possible meaning, but it corresponds to a historical period which spanned roughly from the 1st. century AD to the Oaths of Strasbourg, in the mid 9th century, and probably a little later than that, in some parts of Europe. Why should the early part of this period be taken as representative of the whole phenomenon of Vulgar Latin? Particularly considering that, up until the 4th century, Vulgar Latin coexisted with standard Latin? FilipeS
 * I don't think /I/ and /U/ have to be centralized at all. If a language has a vowel phoneme in between its /i/ and its /e/, the obvious symbol to choose is /I/, regardless of whether it's centralized or not. In the absence of phonetic recordings of VL speakers, there's no reason not to use the symbols /I/ and /U/ for the vowels in question; whether or not they were phonetically centralized is both unknowable and irrelevant. The Welsh facts don't say anything about centralization either; they merely show that at the time Brythonic speakers came into contact with Latin, the Latin short i was different in quality from both long /i:/ and long /e:/; it's additional indirect evidence for the argument that Latin short i was at least lower, if not also more centralized, than Latin long i. Finally, I never said that only early VL should be taken as representative of the whole phenomenon; I'm only arguing that it's incorrect to say VL didn't have /I/ and /U/, because early VL clearly did. User:Angr 18:10, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

The problem with using /I/ and /U/ is that they are misleading symbols. This is the English language Wikipedia. Most readers are likely be English speakers. If they see /I/, /U/, they will tend to interpret them as sounds like those of English, which the Latin vowels most certainly were not. It's a common mistake of English speakers learning Latin or Romance languages to think that a short "i" in these languages means an English "i" /I/ like in "bit", as opposed to the long "i" /i:/ of "beat". In other words, that a difference in quantity is the same as a difference in quality. The terminology you are defending might support that misconception. It is the reverse situation of native speakers of Romance languages pronouncing "beach" and "bitch" both as /bItS/, or both as /bitS/.

You say you "don't think /I/ and /U/ have to be centralized at all", but the Wikipedia's entries on these vowels describe them as follows:
 * /I/: "Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to a close vowel, but slightly less constricted. Its vowel backness is near-front, which means the tongue is positioned as in a front vowel, but slightly further back in the mouth.	Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded."
 * /U/: "Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to a close vowel, but slightly less constricted.	Its vowel backness is near-back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.	Its vowel roundedness is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded. However, no language is known to contrast rounding this place of articulation, so the IPA symbol has not devised separate symbols."

I admit that I did not phrase my objection correctly at first. I should have written "near close near-front, or near close near-back" instead of just "near close". But I think anyone who looked at the version of the article I was criticizing would understand what I meant. And perhaps someone did understand my criticism, since the article has, fortunately, been corrected since I first made the objection. FilipeS
 * Using /I/ and /U/ to stand for vowels that may or may not have been pronounced differently from English /I/ and /U/ (and I repeat that we don't know they weren't centralized either!) is no worse than using /t/ to describe an unaspirated dental stop in Latin even though most English speakers will interpret it as an aspirated alveolar stop. All phonetic symbols have a certain amount of ambiguity in their actual use, however specific their canonical intrpretation is said to be. And the current state of the article isn't correct at all, as it suggests that the Classical Latin pairs /i: ~ i/ and /u: ~ u/ were distinguished only by length not quality, which is untrue, and that all stages of Vulgar Latin uniformly had /e/ and /o/ corresponding to Classical short /i/ and /u/, which isn't true either. The text of the article doesn't even mention the merger of Classical /i/ with /e:/ and /u/ with /o:/; it's only shown in the chart. User:Angr 19:52, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

What was Vulgar Latin?
I've changed certain things in this article and I don't think any of them are very important. Parts either weren't very clear or didn't make strict grammatical sense. However I can see my removal of the quotation marks enclosing "mistakes" causing problems. Generally I'm suspicious of such use - speech marks here imply that there's something wrong with the term, in which case it shouldn't be used. In fact the term isn't problematic if it's qualified - a mistake is an inadvertent spelling variation - one that an author would not have wished to appear - and in this context there is no requirement for quotes. The term "variations" covers anything that was not erroneous. In practice it's often impossible to divide the two up but I can't see anything wrong with "errors and variations".

I think the following ought to be removed but I would like to know if people agree/ disagree before I do anything: "Obviously Vulgar Latin is considered lost when the local dialects start collecting enough local characteristics to form a different language. They evolved into Romance languages when an independent value was recognisable in them (e.g. the word for "yes": Oïl, Oc, or Si)." The first sentence seems a bit circular - basically saying that a language becomes a new language when it changes enough to become a new language. In fact the question of what constitutes a separate language is difficult and controversial and cannot be summarised in a short sentence beginning "obviously". It's not made clear what an "independent value" is independent of (the other languages or the original language?) but it really isn't that clear-cut: it's possible, as in the case of Greek and even English, for a language to alter dramatically in terms of grammar, pronunciation and vocab and not to be considered a separate language and it's also possible for regional variations to exist (the two Welsh words for "see") without dialects being called languages. This part adds nothing to a perfectly good explanation of the divergence of languages.Lo2u 23:15, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin
I've just removed a section saying "Vulgar rather than classical Latin is the source of many derivatives in Romance languages" because it's the source of all of the Romance languages and Classical L only really begins to play a big part later on. The "tete" example comes, of course, from original classical words. --Lo2u (T • C) 10:27, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Good call. Not only was tête misspelled in that contribution, its etymology was wrong. (It comes from testa "pot".) User:Angr 10:42, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Word order
The examples in the "Prepositions multiply" section got me wondering when VL switched from being predominantly SOV to being predominantly SVO. When did ´Jacọmọs ´lẹvrọ a ´ppatre ´dọnat and ´Jacọmọs mẹ ´lẹvrọ dẹ ´patre ´dọnat become ´Jacọmọs ´dọnat ´lẹvrọ a ´ppatre and ´Jacọmọs mẹ ´dọnat ´lẹvrọ dẹ ´patre (the normal order in modern Romance languages)? User:Angr 15:47, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

Article is misleading
"It means the spoken Latin of the Roman Empire. Classical Latin was an artificial literary language; the Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul, Iberia or Dacia was not necessarily the Latin of Cicero. By this definition, Vulgar Latin was a spoken language and "late" Latin was used for writing, its general style being slightly different from earlier "classic" standards."

I feel this and some other paragraphs gives the impression that classical and vulgar latin were two completely seperate languages which was not the case. Classical Latin was merely a higher register of the same language, and was not unintelligable to speakers of vulgar latin. 11th Oct 2006


 * I changed that text to the following: "It means the spoken Latin of the Roman Empire. Classical Latin represents the literary register of Latin. It represented a selection from a variety of available spoken forms. The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul, Iberia or Dacia was not identical to the Latin of Cicero, and differed from it in vocabulary, syntax, and grammar." - Smerdis of Tlön 19:24, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Verbs section: suggestions for improvement
This section could be improved by adding a discussion of:
 * What happened to the verb tenses of Classical Latin in Vulgar Latin: several were replaced with periphrases, others began to be confused, or were repurposed. In particular, the whole system of synthetic passive forms was lost.
 * The new verb forms created by Vulgar Latin / Romance, such as the conditional. FilipeS 20:43, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Phonology - Vowels: probable error
I suspect there is an error in the "Short Y" row of the table:

AFAIK, since 2nd-3rd century "y" got the same sound as "i", so its short version got to be pronounced at the same when "i" did -- e.g., italian "dattero" from "dactylus".

However, in some words became  before the Christian age, so it regularly became  in post-Imperial latin and Romance -- e.g., italian "comino" from "cyminum" (probably pronounced, rather than  as the spelling seems to suggest).

If no one has objections within a few days (today being January 25, 2007), I am going to change the second column from ' into , , and the third column from ' into , .

85.42.220.213 14:42, 25 January 2007 (UTC)


 * I don't think we need to include the early borrowings from Greek where Y changed into U. They were never spelled with a Y in Latin. As for the result of short Y, can you give a couple of examples where it became E? Remember that Y only appeared in learned words... FilipeS 15:07, 25 January 2007 (UTC)


 * Well, I thought actually did give a couple of examples above. :-)
 * Italian "dattero" comes from Latin "dactylus". I guess I can find more examples for the article, but I'll need a little bit of searching as Latin words with "Y" were relatively few, and even fewer of them have passed down to Romance through popular tradition.
 * BTW, I don't agree that "Y" always appeared in learned words. Of course, they all were learned words when the loan occurred, but then some of them became popular, maybe, as is the case for "dactylus" ('palm date'), because they indicate once exotic products which at some stage became available to everybody.
 * I also don't agree that all Greek loanwords where Y changed into U were never spelled with a Y in Latin. This statement is contradicted by the other example I made above: Latin "cyminum" was spelled with a "Y" in Latin, but its pronunciation (and probably its spelling) must have changed to "cuminum" before Romance age, in order to justify the Italian cognate "comino" ('caraway' or 'Persian cumin').

85.42.220.213 16:00, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Fair enough. It seems, though, that we're speaking of a relatively minute number of words. Should we get into such detail in an encyclopedia article? I mean, I think it's O.K. to add a note to the effect that "in a few loanwords from Greek that were used in popular language, Latin short Y evolved either as Latin short I (--> E) or as Latin short U (--> O)". But it seems that in the vast majority of cases words that had a Y in Latin were used mostly by the elites, and kept the pronunciation they had in the popular Latin of the classical period, which was I. Is this a fair assessment of the situation, in your view?... FilipeS 16:21, 26 January 2007 (UTC)


 * My understanding is that Greek loanwords in Latin come from a variety of sources: learned coinages, usually based on Hellenistic Attic (dactylus is a likely example); more popular, earlier loanwords based on the Doric spoken in southern Italy and Sicily, that contain marked phonetic differences from standard Attic Greek. (Latin oliva > Doric alai(w)a, Standard Greek ελαια); and finally, a bunch of weirdly transformed words that were borrowed at second remove through Etruscan. (Polydeuces > Pollux; Herakles > Herc(u)le(s) &c.) These phonetic differences may come from different source material. - Smerdis of Tlön 16:55, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree that we are talking of a small number of words (hence my difficulty to come up with examples, especially examples not in the realm of plants or other stuff that could be found on the stalls of a Roman market). In fact, an even simpler solution could be to simply remove the "Y" row from that table... Actually, the [y] sound ceased to be a phoneme in Latin (provided that it ever was, BTW!) much before than the process that brought to Romance starts to be recognizable. In fact, all French words spelled with an "Y" are guaranteed to be either learned loanwords from Latin, modern loanwords from other languages, or words where an "i" turned to an "y" for purely graphical reasons (i.e., to differentiate an "i" occurring in the middle of similar looking letters such as "m", "n" and "u"). 85.42.220.213 17:27, 26 January 2007 (UTC)


 * This needs to be thought through, but in principle I am not opposed to removing the letter Y from the vowel table, and instead writing a note about it in the main text. FilipeS 17:51, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

OK, I changed it. See if y'all like it: I expanded an existing note about "Y", stating that [y] turned into [i] before the time which is relevant for this discussion. I also schematically indicated this change into the "Classical" column of the table, and I turned "Y" identical to "I" in the "Vulgar" column. I didn't add any more comments or examples about "Y", as I felt that this would distract the reader from the key points that are being made. 85.42.220.213 15:52, 12 February 2007 (UTC)


 * Your contribution is appreciated. However, I am still a little uneasy about analysing (late) Latin Y as though it were basically an I. Not in terms of pronunciation, but rather because I get the impression that this letter appeared mostly in learned words that were not generally used by the common man. Are examples of words where classical Latin short Y became Romance E all that common, for instance? Wouldn't it be more representative to treat those as exceptions? FilipeS 18:36, 12 February 2007 (UTC)


 * As you say, Greek loanwords were mainly learned terms, so they didn't normally survive in everyday language (those in current use in romance languages were re-imported afterwards as Latinisms when romances become themselves literary languages). However, in the few cases when these learned words did entered in laypeople's language, surviving to our days, Y did follow the same evolution as regular I. I think it is no coincidence the only examples I found are in the realm of plants and food: that's where a learned word has a chance to be popularized, if the plant of food it indicates becomes commonplace. IMHO, the exception here are not that /y/ became /i/ and finally /e/, but rather that a group of words from high-class people's vocabulary (including some containing /y/) passed into poor people's language. It is a socio-economic exception, not a phonetic one.
 * What do you suggest, anyway? How about adding a note stating that only a very limited number of words containing Y did survive in spoken Latin? or how about removing the Y rows altogether? 85.42.220.213 85.42.220.213 11:00, 12 March 2007 (UTC)


 * It's an option. I wouldn't object to moving the remarks on Y from the table to the text. FilipeS 19:04, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

"Neuter" in Spanish
It is correct that, according to Spanish RAE, "lo bueno" or "ello" can be perceived (by a Spanish native speaker) as neuter determinants. But in fact, they are masculine ones. "Ello" substitutes whole phrases, so it works more than a grammatical pronoun than a (neuter) gender determinant. It could be the same as to state that "que" or "cual" ("cuál de ellos") is also a particle of neuter gender. On the other hand, "lo" comes from archaic articles elo, ela, elos, elas (from which accusative pronouns comes from too), only two-gender, not neuter at all, and anomalistic forms (vg. el águila, from ela aguila, since "águila" is femenine) are common. "Lo" is not a neuter article, but a masculine one with stressed vowel (last one) instead of unstressed ones.212.51.52.5 12:29, 30 January 2007 (UTC)


 * Semantically, it is just as neuter as English "it". FilipeS 13:31, 30 January 2007 (UTC)


 * I don't think so. The English "it" refers to neuter terms, I mean, you cannot refer to them with other pronouns than "it". Neither a mountain or a whole can be referred as "he" or "she" (when exceptions, like in ships, you don't use "it" of course). Such Spanish "neuter" is not a neuter at all just for this. "Esto es LO bueno", it is not neuter, it is masculine, you can say "Esta es LA [cosa] buena". I think the difference is clear. "¿Sabes LO tarde que es?" (out of date "¿Sabes CUÁN tarde es?", but more correct form), but "¿Sabes LA hora que es?". Etymologically, you can trace very well since Portuguese has not this problem, "o/a" vs. Spanish "el-lo/la" (<elo/ela). I mean, it is perceived by a native speaker as a rare thing, but it is masculine. The article is very clear (and correct), all of neuter in Western Romances were absorbed by masculine gender.212.51.52.5 13:10, 2 February 2007 (UTC)


 * However, you cannot say *Esto es EL bueno or *¿Sabes EL tarde que es? When used as abstract nouns, such words require the neuter article. That's different from English, where using "she" for ships is optional, not required. FilipeS 17:31, 2 February 2007 (UTC)


 * I see your point of view now. But, you are identifying "lo" with a neuter, and that "lo" is not a neuter ("ello" neither), the accusative pronouns are "lo, la, los, las" and come from the same origin that the articles. That "lo" is masculine, not neuter. It is a curiosity of the evolution of Spanish from Latin such a doublet like "el-lo". You can not say also "se EL di" (for "se LO di"). The origin of those "el-lo" are the same word (vulgar latin "ello"), and it is not the case of Portuguese "isto, isso, aquilo", for instance, which in despite of coming, in fact, from the latin neuter forms, no one say they are marking neuter gender -they do not refer to neuter terms. All Romance languages work like if all were masculine, unless it was clearly stated it is femenine. No neuter exist. I'm saying all this precisely because of Western Romances not to have neuter gender, and I think it is confuse to say Spanish has a neuter gender (and in my opinion all this matter are not neuter, absolutely not like it was in Latin and it is in other indoeuropean languages with neuter gender).212.51.52.4 21:23, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

The RAE says there is a neuter gender definite article in Spanish:

lo1.

(Del lat. illum, acus. de ille). 1. art. deter. n. sing. de el.

Real Academia Española © Todos los derechos reservados

This is also how Spanish is taught to foreigners. It does not matter where neuter words came from (the Indo-European feminine likely came from an inanimate gender, but no one says it's "really" an inanimate); what matters is how they're used today. FilipeS 22:09, 2 February 2007 (UTC)


 * I know what RAE says. RAE cannot can explain (to me) why "sino" ("but") does not mark with tilde ("sinó") and the various Academies (the Spanish and the Latin American ones) cannot agree if "guión" or "guion" (depending on the Academy considering it monosyllabic or bisyllabic), and worse things. I am not questioning anything of this, Academies can sing Masses (in fact they did in the past), I'm only trying to say it is absurd to state in an article that neuter gender did not pass to Western Romances and to say a few after that Spanish has neuter gender. Of course if RAE is the last word on the matter, say no more.212.51.52.5 02:57, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

There's a better explanation of this issue in another article. What do you think of it? FilipeS 13:54, 3 February 2007 (UTC)


 * You are right, but it is not the matter. Excuse me if I explain so badly, but the point I'm trying to make clear is that Western Romances has not neuter gender at all, and Western Vulgar Latin (or as you like it) has not too. So, either you say such "neuter anomalies" come directly from Vulgar Latin, and the article is inconsistent, or there is no neuter (or they are "a posteriori" constructions, or as you like it). I hope to explain better this time. Anyway, it is a mere paragraph and this is too much noise for too little, and by the way, if "todo, toda, tudo" is an example of sort-of-neuter, I think it is also the same case of "algum, alguma, alguém", "nenhum, nenhuma, ninguém", "outro, outra, outrem" and the "isto, isso, aquilo" set of invariable (not neuter) words. Thanks a lot for your answers.212.51.52.7 23:08, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

I rewrote the section a bit. Tell me what you think, if you're still around. FilipeS 18:25, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

-o ending in italian nouns
Howdid it work, that italian nouns like 'amico' (lat. amicus) became its -o ending. Is the ablative responsible ?? ( lat. leo,leonis became ital. leone, and that's the former ablative form of leo) --89.52.74.131 17:55, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

no, the ablative disappeared, both leone and amico came from the accusative: leonem (the m was alredy weak in latin) and amicum (weak m disappeared and u changed to o) Plch 01:41, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

OK, thank you.--89.52.21.157 19:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Neuter in Romanian
Neuter fully exists in Romanian. I have no idea why this article says it doesn't. Could anyone explain this to me? Actually, the vast majority of words for objects in Romanian are neuter. Romanian has almost fully inherited neuter from Latin. I would correct this, but I feel others might know better exactly how, because I don't want to mess that section that's already very complicated. Can someone do this? Thanks. Mirc mirc 16:50, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * If you speak Romanian you have the authority to change the offending sentence. Please name a source, too, if you can. The authors will be grateful for an article free of embarrassing mistakes. RedRabbit1983 07:10, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Problems
I'd like to call your attention to these sentences:

Vulgar Latin (in Latin, sermo vulgaris, "common speech") is a blanket term covering the vernacular dialects and sociolects of the Latin language until those dialects, diverging still further, evolved into the early Romance languages.

This needs to be made clearer: did Vulgar Latin begin when Latin did?

It means variation within Latin (socially, geographically, and chronologically) that differs from the perceived Classical literary standard.

Why is the Classical literary standard perceived? Isn't this like calling red a perceived colour rather than a real one? The word perceived diminishes the difference between the two types of Latin.

I'd also suggest links to sound files of phonetic symbols.

By the way, why are there so few references? RedRabbit1983 01:42, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Conjugation tables
Would someone who has adequate sources please have a look? CapnPrep (talk) 10:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I think a specific source should be cited for the Vulgar Latin forms, and they should all be marked with "*".
 * Why are conditional forms given as imperfect subjunctive in Italian (with inconsistencies in the stem vowel of amare)?
 * The compound forms of the subjunctive in Spanish ought to be removed or replaced with historical forms.


 * Agreed about sources.
 * To tell you the truth, I don't think there should be a column for Vulgar Latin in there, since it never had a standard written form, and probably was regionally heterogeneous, at least in its latter stages. I'm still thinking of removing Vulgar Latin from the table, and moving the tables to Romance languages.
 * Maybe the Italian conditional is derived from the Latin imperfect subjunctive. This happened in some Romance languages. See Romance copula.
 * I would keep the compound forms. The article on the Romance copula already has a table for morphological (diacronical) comparison. I've been meaning to make another one, for semantic equivalences between the Latin synthetic forms and the modern Romance (often analytic) forms of the verbs. FilipeS (talk) 14:50, 5 December 2007 (UTC)


 * I didn't see anything in Romance copula to suggest that some Romance conditionals came from the Latin imperfect subjunctive, only that the Catalan and Sicilian conditional forms in for- come from the Latin pluperfect indicative. On the other hand, the Portuguese inflected infinitives might indeed come from imperfect subjunctives, so they could be added to the table…
 * …except that those rows are are already (incorrectly) occupied by the -ra subjunctive forms for Spanish and Portuguese. These actually derive from the Latin pluperfect indicative (amaveram > amara), which is missing from the tables altogether!
 * The Spanish -se subjunctives should be in the pluperfect subjunctive row (amavissem > amase), in replacement of the compound forms.
 * If Spanish is allowed to have compound subjunctive forms, why not all the other languages? This will enlarge the tables considerably, and irrelevantly, unless someone can prove that such compound forms existed in Vulgar Latin.
 * Removing Vulgar Latin would leave a 1500 year gap in the tables. I assume that there are good sources for Vulgar Latin reconstruction, and I wouldn't be surprised if these exact two tables are available in some published source (minus all the errors).
 * CapnPrep (talk) 15:19, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Apocope
Unless the definition of this term is different in English than in my language, there's something not quite right here. Apocope is the loss unstressed vowels in the last syllable, not the loss of consonants, as far as I know. I do not know, though, what the appropriate term is. Can anybody help?--Alexlykke (talk) 13:26, 3 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It can refer to both: In many cases the loss of an unstressed vowel in the final syllable resulted in the lost of the following noun. For example, Latin panem became Spanish pan, French pain, Portuguese pão, Romanian pâine, etc.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 17:55, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Cicero
Beware this sentence: The Latin brought by Roman soldiers to Gaul, Iberia or Dacia was not identical to the Latin of Cicero,.... Cicero rewrote his speeches to fit the conventions of "proper" Latin. &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 17:58, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Subordinate clause
The subordinate clause might be of value, but it's not phrased well: For many centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, Vulgar Latin continued to coexist with a written form of Late Latin, which is currenly referred to as Medieval Latin; for when speakers of Romance vernaculars set out to write with correct grammar and spelling, they attempted to emulate the norms of Classical Latin. &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 18:26, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Meliores
The article says:


 * optimos > meliores (Portuguese melhor, Galician mellor, Spanish mejor, Catalan millor, French meilleur, Italian migliore, "best", originally "better"; but cf. Spanish óptimo, Portuguese ótimo, Italian ottimo, French optimal, with the sense of "excellent" or "optimal")

This is incorrect. Migliore does mean "better" in Italian, as in:
 * "X è migliore di Y" = X is better than Y

It means "best" only if you use it together with the determinative article, but this is true for any other adjective:
 * "X è il migliore" = X is the best, but also "X è il più grande" = X is the biggest.

I think this is true for French, Spanish and Portuguese too, but I can't guarantee. Lupo Azzurro (talk) 13:53, 8 August 2008 (UTC)


 * Latin had bonus/melior/optimus for good/better/best. The point, I guess, is that "optimus" gave way to the regular construction used for the superlative in the Romance languages. Indeed, it's the same in all the languages you mention. Spanish: "Este es mejor que ese." "Este es el mejor de todos." French: "Celui-ci est meilleur que celui-là." "Celui-ci est le meilleur de tous." And the descendants of "optimus" are used in Portuguese and perhaps Spanish (I don't know), for the absolute superlative, the one usually conveyed in Spanish by -ísimo. &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 16:11, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for having resolved my doubt, but you missed my point. It is true that optimus is used just for the absolute superlative in Romance languages, and not for the relative superlative. But this hasn't anything to do with melior/optimus, because in Latin there wasn't any difference between the two kinds of superlative. The construction for the relative superlative in Romance languages is completely different than it was in Latin, for any adjective, not just for bonus.
 * Example:
 * 1. Marcus amicis suis fortissimus est = Marcus is the strongest of his friends (Relative superlative)
 * 2. Marcus fortissimus est = Marcus is very strong (Absolute superlative)

As you see Latin uses the same construction in both cases. Romance languages, on the other hand, use the same construction as Latin for the absolute superlative, while they use plus/magis + the comparative for the relative superlative.
 * Example:
 * 1. Marco è il più forte dei suoi amici.
 * 2. Marco è fortissimo.

If you say "Marco è fortissimo dei suoi amici" (Latin construction), it's wrong, just as if you say "Marco è ottimo dei suoi amici" instead of "Marco è il migliore dei suoi amici". Anyway, my first point was that the article mistakes when it states that melior means "best" in modern Romance languages. Melior means "better", just as in Latin, but if you add the article "the", it means "best", just with any adjective (as I've just explained above). Lupo Azzurro (talk) 13:57, 10 August 2008 (UTC)


 * You just got through writing that melior doesn't mean "best" but that, when preceded with "the", it does mean best. It doesn't but it does? This is a confused way of expressing the situation. Yes, (the descendants of) melior do mean "best", when preceded by "the", just as più forte means both "strong" and "strongest", depending on whether it's preceded by il. As for the rest of what you wrote, in no way does it contradict anything that I said, and in fact mostly just repeats it. &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 15:08, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

The article states that melior turned out to mean "best", while it originally meant "better", and that is wrong. It's the way to construct the superlative that changed, not melior. Why doesn't it cite all these other adjectives, otherwise?
 * Minore = less - Il minore = the least
 * Maggiore = bigger - Il maggiore = the biggest
 * Peggiore = worse - Il peggiore = the worst

By the way, più forte means "stronger" ("strongest" when preceded by "il"), not "strong".Lupo Azzurro (talk) 21:15, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Ages of Latin
The table at the bottom of the article. To my knowledge, the period of 200-900 is not a period of "Vulgar Latin", but a period of "Late Latin". Late Latin surely consists of Vulgar Latin too, but not solely, as the litterary language did not cease to exist after 200 AD. This is also the cause of some confusions in the article itself, and also in Latin spelling and pronunciation, where one can get an impression, that the authors cannot clearly decide, whether the Vulgar Latin is confined to the vulgar speech of late periods (like III/IV/V century), or it also existed in Classical times. This looks like a major inconsitency. Mamurra (talk) 10:28, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Scholarly Latin
This scholarly Latin, "frozen" by Justinian's codifications of Roman law on the one hand, and by the Catholic Church on the other, was eventually unified by the medieval copyists


 * What exactly was unified? Mamurra (talk) 12:57, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Jacomos
Jacọmọs mẹ ´lẹvrọ dẹ ´patre dat. - are these forms actually attested for imperial period, or they're purely restored from the Romance? In either case, for which century they're supposed to be valid? Mamurra (talk) 09:40, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Foru
*(h)omo stat in foru - the asterisk means that the sentence is hypothetical, but I think that it is also made hyper-vulgar, as foru is acc. But this section is about copula, and not about the confusion of cases, so this bit rather looks like someone was trying to amuse himself with the violation of syntax. I think writing in foro instead is okay, and the sentence remains vulgar enough just by the usage of homo instead of vir. Mamurra (talk) 10:04, 24 October 2008 (UTC)


 * Corrected. Mamurra (talk) 13:19, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin vocabulary - sample table
What about adding a column to the table? I'm concerned with the fact that almost every entry in the table has a note reporting the original meaning of the word used in Vulgar Latin. Since shifts of meaning are relevant to the subject, why not put them systematically in the table itself? Sprocedato (talk) 16:09, 13 November 2008 (UTC)


 * I don't see any objections except what I expressed above (that the entries of bellus/comparare as being vulgar, and opposed to pulcer/emere as being classical are doubtful IMHO). Mamurra (talk) 16:18, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

esse and edere
I see that a dispute has started about the infinitive of edo "eat". It's not central to this article, but I quite understand the desire for precision. I think that every sudent of Latin has learned the peculiarities of the verb edo, with its contracted or athematic forms. Seldom is our attention drawn to the existence of "regular" forms parallel to the "irregular" ones.

If edere is postclassical we should cite the infinitive in the table as esse (edo), or something very similar. If it's also classical we should put both forms esse or edere.

Interested people can quote or reference the dictionaries available to them.

Ferruccio Calonghi, Dizionario Italiano Latino, 3rd Ed., Rosenberg & Sellier, 1950, reports the entry as "ĕdo, ēdi, ēsum, ĕdĕre and esse -> estur, Plaut.; essetur (ederetur), Varr. - subj. edim, edis, etc., Plaut.; perf. eserim (esserim), Apul.; partic. estus, Placit." According to the conventions used in the dictionary this implies that the infinitive in classical Latin could be both edere and esse, but it's not explicit about that, and the forms of the present active indicative are strangely not dealt with.

Lewis & Short, 1879, is available online as part of the Perseus Project, and here's the direct link to edo. It says that there is an occurrence of pres. ind. uncontr. edit in Cic. Att. 13, 52; there is no mention at all of edere, but the sentence "the contracted forms are very frequent" is ambiguous, because it says nothing about the frequency of uncontracted forms.

The Oxford Latin Dictionary (1968-1982 edition), has "edō esse ēdī ēsum (essum) Forms: pres. ind. edo, (es), est, edimus, estis, edunt; pass. estur. Pres. subj. edam or (less common in class. and later Latin) edim. Impf. subj. essem (but ederent Gel. 19.2.7); pass. essetur cj. in Var.L.5.106. Imp. es (or esto), este. Pres. inf. esse; pass. edi. essum, essurus, etc. (= esum, esurus) Pl.Cur.228, Men.147, etc. Pros.: -i- of pres. subj. presumed long on analogy of sim, sīs, etc., though quantity actually certain only in Pl.Poen.537 (and by cj. in Nov.com.6)." Here inf. edere is altogether absent, therefore considered unattested in classical Latin.

Although none of the above sources is sufficiently explicit, I'm inclined to think, at least provisionally, that edere cannot be considered classical. -- Sprocedato (talk) 22:08, 15 November 2008 (UTC)


 * Thesaurus Linguae Latinae explicitly says that "edere" is found first in Tertullian. So as long as it isn't proven wrong, I think that this has to be considered decisive. Mamurra (talk) 13:37, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin adverbs etc.
"This change was well under way as early as the 1st century BCE, and the construction appears several times in Catullus, for example in Catullus 8, line 11: sed obstinata mente perfer, obdura "but carry on obstinately [obstinate-mindedly]: get over it!"


 * This is, I believe, overstated. Obviously, Catullus does contain the phrase, and it is quasi-adverbial, but drawing a conclusion, that "the change was well under way" that time is definitely wrong, since an adjective + mente + a verb is a standard way of expressing the state of someone's mind while doing something. Obviously, this very construct is the ultimate source of the Romance adverbs, but seeing it in Catullus is too far fetched. The source of this error is, however, easy to explain, if one takes a look at the English translation of the line: "obstinata mente" can only be rendered naturally in English as an adverb, and so author of the article thinks that this is an adverb in Latin too. However, unlike in today's languages, adding "mente" (or "animo") to an adjective in order to express someone's state of mind or intention is natural in Latin; for example one can say "animo libenti" (or "libenti animo") instead of "libenter". Such usage is purely a question of style, and so do not constitute any evidence of the Romance adverbial system functioning so early. If there will be no further discussion, I will remove or rephrase the sentence, as it is clearly misleading in its present form.


 * No discussion, so deleted. Mamurra (talk) 13:19, 5 November 2008 (UTC)


 * As a side note, the article cites "bellus" as a vulgar equivalent to classical "pulcer", and "comparare" as a vulgar equivalent to classical "emere". But "bellus" is a litterary word as well (recorded in such writers as Cicero, Catullus, Martial etc.), and "comparare" in the meaning of "to buy" is to be found already in Cicero. So I do not think, that these two examples are particularly well-choosen. Mamurra (talk) 11:32, 19 October 2008 (UTC)


 * You hit here the heart of the topic. You say that Cicero used comparare meaning "buy", but probably a more literal translation of the sentence you are referring to would use "obtain", "procure", or simply "get", because the stress is on having the thing prepared and not on paying a price. The word emere refers unambiguously to there being a price, like English buy and Italian comprare. When Titus Livius sais sex tribunos ad intercessionem [comparare] he does not imply that six tribunes will be bribed to intercede (interpose a veto); they will be gained to intercede, with some convincing argument, not necessarily money. To say that Cicero already used comparare in the meaning of "buy" is an overstatement, to use your own words. Cf. emere domum prope dimidio carius quam aestimabatur "to buy a house at a price about one half higher than it was valued", Cicero De domo, 115.


 * The example is well chosen because the main word for the meaning "buy" has indeed changed. The difficult point is to assert that it changed during the lifetime of Vulgar Latin. I think so, but I'm certainly not an authority. Don't the Cited Sources say so? Sprocedato (talk) 20:55, 13 November 2008 (UTC)


 * While I am now tending to agree, that "bellus" is something more than "pulcer" in classical Latin (in afterthought: "bella puella" is not a "beautiful girl", but "top class girl", which is obviously beautiful too, but not exclusively), I must say, that "comparare" seems to mean "to buy" already in classical Latin, and this is why I said, that the example is not very well-chosen. TLL volume III, page 2011 cites "to buy" even as the first meaning of the word: "I. in possessionem suam redigere, plearumque emere (...) A. proprie de eis, quae pecunia sim. acquiruntur. Then citations follow (quas vide). And maybe Suet. Iul. 45: "decreuit tandem, ut debitores creditoribus satis facerent per aestimationem possessionum, quanti quasque ante ciuile bellum comparassent". Then it seems to me, that "comparare" = "to buy" was well established already in classical Latin, and so it can't be said, that it gained new meaning in vulgar Latin. The only thing that happened was that "emere" ceased to be used. Obviously, the Livy's example does not deny this, as "comparare" can be used in other meanings too (listed in TLL in further sections). Mamurra (talk) 14:06, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Pompeian graffitto
What is written on the graffitto? Could I ask for a translitteration? Mamurra (talk) 18:24, 20 October 2008 (UTC)


 * I can see "RELIVM" and "C LOLLIVM LVSCVM" below. The rest is illegible, but anyways, I don't think that this graffitto can prove, that "spoken" Latin was different than the written one - rather the opposite. Despite tha fact that this seems to be a pretty official inscription. My proposition is to remove the image, then. Mamurra (talk) 13:10, 5 November 2008 (UTC)


 * Compliments for what you managed to read! I agree with you: it's an exhortation to vote some political candidates with nothing "vulgar" in it, except for soiling a wall in the public street. There are some transliterations of Pompeiian Graffiti here. They are indistinguishable, as to the language, from classical Latin. Of course there may be others more representative of vulgar Latin, but I think that Pompeii is the wrong place to search. Sprocedato (talk) 23:41, 13 November 2008 (UTC)


 * Ok, I'll remove the image right away then. For the inscriptions, in meantime I have found something, that is prima facie classical, but in wider context it is deviant, as it says "VALETIS" where one would expect "VALETE". So there is some confusion of endings, which is easily observable in late periods, and hence a conclusion is drawn, that this phenomenon occurred already in vulgar speech in 1st century AD. Still, this conclusion is a hypothesis, and as such is debatable, because one can think that a confusion between -etis and -ete may be explained differently, for example by Greek substratum (where there is no difference between indic. and imperat. praes act. in 2nd. pl.). Anyway, there is no place here to discuss such details. Mamurra (talk) 14:12, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Showing similarity to Italian
I am about to revert this edit. The reason being, that much of the features of vulgar Latin (incl. such words as "guerra") was deduced from Romance languages, incl. Italian. So, showing similarity of it to Italian (or any other Romance language) seems completely pointless and looks like a circular reasoning. Objections? Mamurra (talk) 23:17, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Phonology: hypercorrection?
"hostiae non ostiae", although note that this is a hypercorrection


 * How this can be a hypercorrection? "hostiae" ("the victims") is not a hypercorrect form, it is simply correct. Mamurra (talk) 20:37, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Comparing Classical and vulgar Latin
I was reading the section that compares sentences in Classical Latin and Vulgar Latin and while I do not know Vulgar Latin the sentences in Classical Latin are a poor illustration of Classical Latin. The translations into English while successfully retaining approximate meaning completely change the usage of words so that the English objects are not the same as how they are declined in Latin. --Tempestswordsman (talk) 01:05, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Retention of vowel length distinctions
Has any Romance language retained latin's vowel length distinctions?

In Friulian there is phonemic vowel length distinction, but this is a later development unrelated with the vocalic system of latin. In most Romance languages the vowels in open stressed syllables are longer than in closed stressed syllables. In Friulan this difference happened to become phonemic, probably when long consonants were lost.

For example, the minimal pair given in the article about Friulian language
 * lat	(milk)
 * lât	(gone)

is likely to derive from older Friulian
 * *latte
 * *allado

Thus, it is not correct to say that Friulian has retained vowel length distinctions. It has reintroduced them at a later time in a different phonetic system.

I propose to drop this claim from the article. Sprocedato (talk) 13:41, 11 November 2008 (UTC)


 * I just did this. The phonemic length distinction in Middle French (and still indicated in spelling, with a circumflex) is likewise a secondary development, stemming mostly from /s/ that dropped before another consonant but lengthened the previous vowel in the process. Benwing (talk) 04:01, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

Don't despair
This article has the makings of a good article; there is a lot of good material here. However, it suffers from over-zealousness on the part of one or more editors needing improvement in their understanding and technique. One of the biggest deficits is erring on the side of guesswork. The editors need to understand that if you don't know and can't substantiate an item it is far better not to include it. Anyone can make up a story filling in the details as required. That is not what we are doing here. As you tell the story and gaps occur you turn to the resources to fill them; you don't guess. Truth is in fact stranger than fiction and typically you can't guess it. If the gaps can't be filled you start taking about the lack of knowledge and the debatability. Not taking that approach is the main cause of the many fact templates put on this. It is also much too long for the topic. I'm going to be editing now for a while weeding out unsupported statements, looking for duplicate material, cross-referencing and thinking of ways to improve the format. Then I will look at the numerous comments and suggestions of this discussion to see if they all have been addressed.Dave (talk) 13:49, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Book reviews
It isn't customary to put editor reviews in the bibliography, as first of all, it is book report material and is the editor's personal assessment, and second it doubles the length of the bibliography. The article is about the subject, not the books, and even if it were about the books, you couldn't give your personal opinion.Dave (talk) 19:38, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

the People and the Folk
German Volk and English folk although related etymologically are not exactly the same thing. I KNOW Dietz used Volksprache, but we aren't Diez and we aren't explicitly German. It was the great Deutches Volk in whose name the chancellor of the 3rd Reich committed all his depravities and conceived the Volkswagen (now the sport Wagen of only the rich Volk). In a nutshell Volk is about equivalent to people, but we don't do things in the name of the people if we can possibly help it except on a constitutional level (the American people). We don't take as great an interest in being sacrificial lambs for the people, as we are in fact the people (in contrast to other ideologies). We find the wholesale suicide required of the Volk in recent times a bit horrifying. We haven't yet got out from under its black shadow. Now, the English folk are a different story. You can find them hiding under rock somewhere all dressed up in fairy suits as elves should be, or drinking away in a pub in the most rustic villages of merry old England, or trying to use those wierd beakers the beaker folk are supposed to have used. They certainly aren't to be confused with any English-speaking population such as brought the Stuarts under constitutional control, won a major war against the Volk or built a constitutional democracy in the new world. Folks don't do that sort of thing. If you're the boss you can call people folks or if you are talking family to a friend you might use the term "my folks" if you get along with those folks, or if you want to sell someone something and desire to establish a rapport you might pretend hypocritically that they are folks, to the total disgust of those aforementioned folks. Volk is not folk and neither is the vulgus. So I am going to remove the Volk/folk from the article and you phil-Germanists can find some other basis for getting along. We don't need any 60-year-old propanganda.Dave (talk) 15:58, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Basilectal Latin features
The amusing slaves of Plautus and Terence may be using some vulgar latin items in the inventory but there is no evidence at all that they were speaking or ever spoke a creole. Most people have no idea what a basilect is (and neither do you) so they don't know enough to tag it. I would say, either undergo a course of study to find out what you are talking about or stop with the incomprehensible patois.Dave (talk) 13:27, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Changes and Replacements
Throughout this article and its spin-offs is the notion that vocabulary was "changed" in early Romance languages and Vulgar Latin words "replaced" classical words. There were no changes, no replacements. None of those documents were ever in classical Latin so how could anything be replaced in them? Classical Latin did not "change" into Vulgar Latin, it changed into Mediaeval Latin. Nothing changed, except Vulgar Latin into Romance Languages. I have no idea where this alteration concept came from, except possibly from some philological hypothetical expectation of seeing classical words in the documants, which was "changed" when Vulgar Latin words were discovered there, or else out of the editor's imagination. Deal with it as you may, I'm not letting the error stand..Dave (talk) 13:14, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

Reichenau glosses
Some of this material is in the vocabulary article, some not. I have the present article down to 69 kB and that continues to be too long. The Reichenau glosses section is actually set up so it could be the stub of a new article. I'm inclined to do that and I don't think I need a special request. I need a few moments to get my courage and enthusiasm up. Meanwhile if you have any thoughts sound off. It could be merged in with the vocabulary article but then it would lose its unity. The other article is for "select" vocabulary and does not currently contain all the Reichenau Glossary. For all the categories and what not I would just copy the current as is relevant.Dave (talk) 18:00, 21 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Sounds good to me. CapnPrep (talk) 21:47, 22 September 2009 (UTC)

The photo of the inscription
I am not sure if the photo of an inscription corresponds properly to the statement expressed somewhat below that the vulgar Latin as a language was "unwritten". Mamurra (talk) 15:45, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The language was and was not unwritten. There is little or no continuous prose in it and no one consciously sat down to write "Vulgar Latin." But, when they did write Latin sometimes they used vulgar expressions, The point is made later but perhaps it needs to be made earlier. I altered the text to respond to this comment. Understand, this article needs much more work, but I see nothing wrong with making this small fix until we get around to the rest of it.Dave (talk) 10:13, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

De foris
we find St Jerome writing si quis de foris venerit ("if anyone goes outside").

Sure, that de foris actually means "outside" in this place? venire is not "to go", but "to come", and de foris looks much like the classical foris, i.e. "from outside". So I suspect that the suggested translation may be wrong, it should be "if anyone comes from outside". And this in turn, shows no parallel to the Romance examples adduced in the relevant section. Mamurra (talk) 09:45, 24 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Replaced with a better example. Mamurra (talk) 13:19, 5 November 2008 (UTC)


 * So did I have the feeling that this phrase meant "if anyone comes from outside", and I was disturbed by the translation. --Plijno (talk) 23:32, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

The range of Latin, 60 AD
The image in the information box shows the extent of the Roman Empire. In half of those territories the main language was greek. Hence the article is bullshit. 201.252.49.96 (talk) 18:00, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * My dear sir, your language is very colorful. It sounds like vernacular New England, which in its formative stages was once concerned with cleaning the stalls of cattle at 4:00 in the morning. In my youth I actually had a job doing that on a farm long since sold off and rendered into condos. Here, however, you are too hasty. We never said Latin was exclusively spoken there. It was spoken by some elements of society, mainly Roman officialdom. In fact the Byzantine Empire used a lot of Latin words rendered into Greek. But why stop there? Almost the whole range included populations that spoke other languages. We are trying to improve WP here. This is a process of gradual modification. We cannot get to every piece of BS instantaneously. You seem attracted to WP, otherwise you would not be giving us your feelings on it. Why don't you consider contributing? I think however you will have to stop pampering your impatience. It takes a lot of patience to work on WP. Rome was not built in a day.Dave (talk) 11:08, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

This is inaccurate for the most part, notwithstanding the amusing dialectical analysis. Latin may have been spoken by societies as far east as Moesia, where vulgar forms of Latin would eventually oust the native parlance due to the fragmented nature of the pre-Roman culture, but it was certainly not spoken by any significant group in the ancient developed regions of the orient such as Syria and Phoenicia. The Romans for the most part preserved the inner mechanisms of the Hellenistic world which they gradually absorbed from the 3rd century b.c. onward, in many cases even appointing members of the local aristocracy to govern the subjugated peoples. Even Greek, the eastern mediterranean's lingua franca which had nine centuries from Alexander to the Arab conquests to take root in Egypt, never spread far past Alexandria. Thus, to argue that the higher levels of society were Latin speaking as far east as Mesopotamia is completely absurd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Excelsius (talk • contribs) 07:02, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Just curious, but I was wondering about the choice of this map. Wouldn't it be better to find one with the empire at its greatest extent, say after Trajan's conquests in AD 117, as is typically used for many topics like this? That would incorporate all the areas where Vulgar Latin was spoken and the modern Romance languages descend from. Word dewd544 (talk) 04:52, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

Bulgar vs Vulgar
Seems too coincidental to me: the closeness of the regions, the relevant historical periods, the distinctly similar pronunciation of these two terms. Yet no mention at all anywhere that I can see of any connection between the words. Am very curious and would like to see discussion by any linguist or historian with knowledge to share about any relationship between them.

Tariqa1153 (talk) 18:03, 27 December 2011 (UTC) tariqa1153
 * The origin of 'Bulgar' isn't precisely known, and is often connected to the river Volga. But in early Bulgarian sources the people refer to themselves as 'Blugarinu', which is different from Volga. The Latin word 'vulgar' comes from Latin vulgaris, which meant 'common, ordinary' and derives from vulgus, which meant the 'common people'. That is why it refers to the ordinary spoken Latin of the Roman empire, the Latin of the 'vulgus', of the common people. CodeCat (talk) 20:07, 27 December 2011 (UTC)

The loss of neuter
From the main article:

Fagus ("beech"), another feminine noun ending in -us, is preserved in some languages as a masculine, e.g. Romanian fag(ul) or Catalan (el) faig; other dialects have replaced it with its adjectival forms fageus or fagea ("made of beechwood"), whence Italian (il) faggio, Spanish (el) haya, and Portuguese (a) faia.

Note in Spanish haya is feminine, despite using the article "el", to avoid cacophony ("el" is used when the following word starts with "a", as in "el águila" but "las águilas" where there is no cacophony. And "el haya" (as the h is silent), but "las hayas".

Maybe another example can be chosen.

186.58.188.139 (talk) 23:28, 22 April 2012 (UTC)


 * OK, I removed the articles from that part of the sentence. Another solution would be to use the indefinite article, but it seems to me like unnecessary clutter. CapnPrep (talk) 08:12, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

quiscentis
'''The cluster [kw] ⟨qu⟩ was simplified to [k] in most instances. In 435, one can find quiscentis instead of quisquentis ("of the person who rests here").'''

That's wrong. The word which is meant is "quiescentis". So perhaps the examples are reversed, i.e. there is "quiesquentis" on the inscription as a hyperurbanism for the correct "quiescentis"? -212.87.13.78 (talk) 23:42, 26 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you were right! I've just corrected it. Thanks!-- Fauban  11:34, 27 October 2012 (UTC)

Why not accusative?
Why are forms other than the acc used as etymological sources? &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 00:28, 13 February 2008 (UTC)


 * Because sometimes the Romance forms do not go back to the accusative, e. g. French pâtre 'shepherd' < Latin nominative pastor; Spanish nombre 'name', apparently from ablative nōmine. Also because sometimes scholars prefer to quote the Latin forms in the basic (= nominative) form rather than the accusative, when speaking of the word and not of its form. --Zxly (talk) 21:27, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Classical only words
Some of the classical only words are not classical only. I found four of them in Romanian:


 * Latin albus -> Romanian alb (white)
 * Latin cogitare > Romanian cugeta (to think)
 * Latin equus > Latin equa (feminine) -> Romanian iapă (female horse); qu -> p is a common phonetic change, cf. aqua -> apă (water)
 * Latin scire -> Romanian şti (to know)

bogdan (talk) 00:44, 4 April 2008 (UTC)


 * I don't know if this is the case, but these words may have survived from the classical vocabulary spoken by the elite. The explanation is probably that the Vulgar latin vocabulary varied. I know for a fact that Rheto-Roman uses a word derived from 'albus' for white. So yes, you are probably right that these words are not classical only, but maybe they were classical only in most of western Europe, rumanian is sort of deviant from the other latin languages anyway, so...--Alexlykke (talk) 13:30, 3 June 2008 (UTC)


 * Latin cogitare has also survived in Spanish cuidar, that nowadays means "be careful", "take care of", "look after". The phonetic development points to a popular use during the Middle Ages, and the shift of meaning is consistent with the presence of pensare as "think". But pensare itself is problematic, because the n in that position should have dropped already in the I century AD, at least in the spoken language. Spanish has in fact the doublet pesar "weigh" and pensar "think". When did the pronunciation get differentiated? When was pensare readopted displacing cogitare from its former role? Sprocedato (talk) 00:46, 14 November 2008 (UTC)


 * This indicates that pensare was originally a learned word that at some point in the early Middle Ages became adopted as a popular word in most of the Romance area. Note that Old French also has cuidier meaning "believe" and plenty of other seemingly vanished Classical words, e.g. rien "thing", estovoir "to be necessary" (from est opus; cf. Old Spanish huebos es), polle "girl" (Lat. puella), etc. Benwing (talk) 03:53, 31 May 2009 (UTC)


 * Of course albus, cogitare, equa, scire are not "Classical only", they are simply Latin. Their substitution with blank, pensare, iumentum, sapere took place too late to embrace the whole of the Romance-speaking world. Rumanian is not deviant here, but it faithfully continues the Latin use. --Zxly (talk) 21:40, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Latin or only Italic language
To 70.82.96.170, who argues that Vulgar Latin is an Italic language separate from Latin, because it has different syntax from (literary) Latin:

Latin is distinguished from other Italic languages not by syntax, but by consonant development. Vulgar Latin shows the same consonants as Latin, just with a few sound changes added on.

Specifically, Latin has different consonants from Osco-Umbrian and from Faliscan:


 * 1) Latin qu (quis) — Oscan p (pis)
 * 2) Latin h-, -d- (ho-die) — Faliscan f-, -i- (fo-ied)

Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages have the same consonants as Latin, just with some sound changes. So we see French /ki/ for "who", and /om/ for "man" (from accusative hominem), not /pi/ or /fom/, which we would have if Vulgar Latin were a separate Italic language from Latin.

Now that I've explained, I'm going to re-remove "Italic" from the intro, since it's misleading: VL is most specifically Latin, not Italic. — Eru·tuon 19:52, 31 January 2011 (UTC)


 * I am not even a dilettante linguist. I happened to find this article. After reading some Faliscan inscriptions and part of the Iguvine Tables, I think this gentlemen who started the study of vulgar Latin did not make  a thorough investigation. While the consonants are Latin (in most cases) many forms came from other Italic languages: see e.g. the conjugation of the verb to be esse. Also one should mention Varro's Lingua Latina which preserved invaluable information. On the h-f in Faliscan: it is true also the opposite, cf. Latin Falesus, futicillum and Faliscan Halesus, huticillum.Aldrasto11 (talk) 12:16, 1 March 2011 (UTC)


 * Huh, which Vulgar Latin forms of "to be" came from other Italic languages? I thought they were newly created forms. (Sadly I have not found Faliscan inscriptions online to look at them.)


 * Halesus is Greek (from Halaisos), not native Faliscan, according to my lexicon (see here: ), so Faliscan sound changes do not affect it. Faliscan consonant changes affect Proto-Indo-European consonants: PIE gh- became Fal f- and Latin h-. — Eru·tuon 21:24, 1 March 2011 (UTC)


 * Thanks for the attention and sorry for the delay. I am not a linguist but I think many forms of the conjugation of esse cannot derive from Latin. I happened days ago to have a look at an article by Philip Baldi who was exultant about the find of an inscriptin in Auruncan territory that would prove the form sei (cf. Italian) could derive from Latin. If you wish to read Faliscan inscriptions online there is the new book by Bakkum 2009: F.150 years of scolarship. Halesus may be Greek but futilis futicillum huticillum is Latin-Faliscan (Italic). Also why not mentioning Festus besides Varro? Look how many Sabine and Oscan words he preserved. E. g. strenia = salus, from which strenuous. Hoie, hontus are Umbrian corresponding to Latin folia fontus but by chance Latin has also Helernus, (h)olus/eris, so the changes look quite casual.Aldrasto11 (talk) 08:46, 22 March 2011 (UTC)


 * But even if one or a few forms of the verb esse were influenced or borrowed from Faliscan or Oscan rather than created within Latin, that would change nothing to the fact that the Vulgar Latin language derives from Latin. Verbal forms may be renewed in any language (cf. English worked substituting earlier wrought, snuck substituting earlier sneaked). Borrowed material does not change the pedigree of a language, just like words like attention, delay, linguist, form, conjugation, derive, article, exultant, inscription, territory, prove, line, scholar, etc. do not make English a Romance language. --Zxly (talk) 21:51, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Latin profanity

 * ''Not to be confused with Latin profanity.

Oh, no… Is this a joke? Would anybody actually get these confused? —Wiki Wikardo 12:40, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You know, this hatnote has long bothered me. The article on Latin profanity started out as something rather scurrilous with mainly references to body parts and practices more or less repressed by our society; certainly not polite. The profanity article was more or less thinly disguised porn. But, I've encountered porn on WP before. In fact in some locations the editors were listing porn sites as references. I did a lot of railing against it. A whole movement developed of scholarizing deviant sexuality or publishing porn under the disguise of WP articles. Such terms as pederasty were given sexual connotations. It was suggested that the a major contribution of the Dorian people to Greek culture was the sexual abuse of children. It seemd pretty clear that unless something were done these people were going to take over WP. The administration did not know what to do about it. At first Jim tried removing the scurrilous stuff. Then suddenly he became aware of the protection of free speech so he stopped removing it. It was I who pointed out that much of this material was actually criminally illegal. Suddenly there was a concern for legality. I had really to stop involving myself. When WP reached the point of our having to deal with this material on a regular basis then I was going to quit WP and abandon it as ruined and regard it as a failed experiment. Then there was a great explosion of articles. The administration must have done something as I believe there has been a decline of scurrilous material. The articles to which I objected were altered, fine distinctions were being made. That is the background. Now, I knew I would not be allowed to remove this scurrilous hatnote. I would be taking on the panderers full tilt (panderers, according to Dante there is a special place in the afterworld for you). There is after all a scurrilous side to Roman society, nowhere so evident as at those pleasure cities, Pompeii and Herculaneum. When the Roman soldier flung one of those heavy darts they used sometimes it accompanied a note that it might find its way to a certain anatomical part of the enemy commander. That stuff should be documented, but in polite language. So, here is what I did instead. I brought some of the Pompeii frescos to public attention by putting them up front in the article. These are on Commons; anyone can view them. They are what amounts to French postcards, as we used to call them. Well, wouldn't you know it, they were removed! That is not what the public wants after all. They don't want us to be panderers. Not only that but the whole existence of the article has been seriously questioned. I've jumped in on what I consider the right side. Let's either rise to a scientific or medical level on this or else let's put all this stuff back in the closet. The article is not about Latin profanity. It has to go as such. Therefore this hatnote has to go. I have slightly more authoriy now than I had then so I am just removing it in the hope that you will leave it out. People who are interested in Latin language should not have to be redirected at the top to an article on Latin scurrilous language. You didn't want to see Pompeii pictures there. Why would you want to read all about bodily functions? Is that what the Roman people were all about? No more than any other people, I dare say. This is an encyclopedia. Let's keep this material distinct and not inflict it on serious researchers.Dave (talk) 10:53, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

My dearest Dave, You are absolutely correct. This is an encyclopedia. People want to refer to it for knowledge. In this context, your assertion that because this article is not about Latin profanity, the link to the Latin Profanity article should not be there, is entirely wrong.

A few people are not clear on the meaning of the word Vulgar in the historical context of Latin, and may be coming to this page with a preconception resulting from taking the word in its modern English sense. The hatnote clarifies that right at the start. It also directs people genuinely looking for information on Latin profanity to the correct article if they came to this page by mistake. The hatnote should indeed be there.

One can't help but notice your conflation of "scurrilous" with "profane" and hyperventilation about "what the Roman people were all about." Please. Spare us the exaggerations and patronizing assumptions- to wit that people can somehow be propogandized by a page on profanity to have an entirely one-track view of Roman society. We really can process information and incorporate it into a bigger picture all by ourselves, thank-you-very-much. We really won't be converted into raving, perverted, monistic maniacs by the "incorrect" sort of information that yanks your WASPish, moralistic chain.

There are people who want specific information about Latin profanity, for various reasons, and a link to the right place is important. No serious researcher who is without moralistic preconceptions will feel that anything is being "inflicted" on them. Above all, please, let's try to restrain any Bowdlerizing tendencies. Thomas and Henrietta belong to an unfortunate period long past.(Ellogo (talk) 06:36, 2 February 2013 (UTC))

English equivalent of this French book title
In the section regarding Origins the book title: Grammaire comparée des langues de l'Europe latine dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours. Is it possible to get this book title, translated into English. I am just learning to speak French, and thought that someone else that may not speak any French, might need to see English equivalent title. Can an English equivalent be added to this section Cmurdock1955 (talk) 17:21, 18 April 2013 (UTC)

Ambulare
The section about verbs mentions that the verbs andar(e) in many Romance languages derives from ambulare. I find this very unlikely... why did -mbul- develop into -nd-, and not into, say -mbl-? I have found other explanations of this in other places, which mention that the origin is not ambulare but ambitare. That makes much more sense phonetically: -mbit- > -mbt- or -mbd- > by assimilation -nd-. CodeCat (talk) 12:52, 5 May 2013 (UTC)

Syntax Section Needed
A brief section with references is necessary on the general transition from VSO to VSO and less flexibility. John Holly (talk) 05:48, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Not to nitpick
"As early as 722, in a face to face meeting between Pope Gregory II, born and raised in Rome, and Saint Boniface, an Anglo-Saxon, Boniface complained that he found Pope Gregory's Latin speech difficult to understand, a clear sign of the transformation of Vulgar Latin in two regions of western Europe." I'm not sure this is a good example as wouldn't Boniface speak Latin as second language? So he would have learned something more formal perhaps even "classical" Latin, vs the pope who would have spoken vulgar Latin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.66.145.0 (talk) 17:54, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Planning to move lots of stuff to Romance languages
"Vulgar Latin" is a slippery term, but it seems to me that it can be thought of approximately as the common speech during the Roman Empire, and somewhat similar to "Proto-Romance" (given the caveats I added in the section on Proto-Romance). Given this, a lot of the current discussion in this Vulgar Latin article is inappropriate, since it covers changes over much longer periods, basically all the changes leading up to the modern Romance languages. The article Romance languages seems a much more obvious place to put this. Currently there's a quite random separation of subject matter with a great deal of overlap. I'm planning on moving much of the discussion of sound changes, grammatical changes, etc. to the Romance languages article, since there isn't really any obvious way to separate out the developments during the Roman Empire from later developments; nor would you want to.

Scholarly works bear me out on this. Discussions of sound changes, vowel changes, loss of case, etc. usually go in works titled "The Romance Languages" or similar. Works titled "Vulgar Latin" are much more limited in their focus, and have greater detail. They attempt to specifically reconstruct the speech of the common people during the Roman Empire using documentary evidence (e.g. works like the Appendix Probi, works with misspellings and other "vulgar" works).

Compare e.g. Germanic languages with Proto-Germanic.

Comments?

Benwing (talk) 05:59, 22 July 2011 (UTC)


 * Agree. I made the same comment below. 108.254.160.23 (talk) 18:04, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

The Vulgata Latina
The Vulgate by Jerome is supposed to represent popular Latin as it was at the time that the translation was made. True or not??? Peter Horn 18:53, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The Vulgate is a conventional rendition of Latin as written at the time; it is not indicative of spoken Latin. Spoken Latin was already dialectical (and much simplified in comparison to classical Latin) and was already well on the way to becoming the various Romance Languages (all 47 of them).  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 16:26, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
 * So the scheme to make the Bible unintelligible for the ordinary people would already have started by then, unless those ordinary people even moderately literate in Latin could actually (still) read it. Would there have been those who would speak both "proper" Latin and "popular" Latin just as today most, if not all, Germans, Swiss and Austrians are "bilingual" in that they speak both "High German" and their local dialect? The local dialects are mostly mutually unintelligible. I do speak High German and have "bilingual" German friends. As a native Dutch speaker I do understand the dialect(s) of Hamburg and Bremen. Peter Horn 22:37, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As the empire was crumbling and the education system was falling apart, the Vulgate might as well have been in Greek as far as the average Roman citizen went (and those citizens trained in Classical Latin would have grimaced at the errors). The case system was already coming apart as the use of prepositions negated the need for declensions beyond the nominative and accusative, and the introduction of ille and the like as definite articles rather than demonstratives took hold (yes, the declining education system played into this, as well).
 * Interestingly, German still relies heavily on the case system although it is no longer needed: the codification of German by virtue of the publication of various bibles played a large part in maintaing the case system. Ah, but that's another story.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 20:17, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

What did it say (transliteration & translation) and how would it have been written in classical Latin?. Just curious. Why did ancient Greek not fall appart like Latin? To the extend that I'm able to read the Greek alphabet I'm able to observe that, at least in the definite articles the case endings are alive and well. They appear to be the same as in Koine Greek. What forces kept the Greek language so conservative? What forces kept the Spanish language so conservative so that it is substantially the same as at the time that Columbus sailed? The Spanish language is, except for the cullinary vocabulary, remarcably uniform in all countries where Castellano is spoken. My wife is Mexican & I have had different dealings with some members of the Hispanic community here in Montreal. In times past illiteracy may have been, or was, the norm in Latin America but over some 500 years that did not appear to have had a big impact overall. As Winnie ille Pu said: "Rogo vos et quero id, quid est quod et quod est quid". Peter Horn 00:34, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, as soon as Christianity reached Rome the NT and the OT (Septuagint) wou;d be rendered from Koine Greek into a number (series) of Latin versions, the Vulgate being only one in that series. I find it hard to believe that the early Chtistians would produce translations that were unintelligible by the ones for whom they were intended. It does not seem likely that they would waste their time that way. "Rogo vos et quero id". Vale Peter Horn 00:54, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Jim62sch's comments about Latin are not very accurate. Classical Latin gradually grew farther apart from the spoken dialect but it would have taken a long time before the classical language would have become unintelligible.  Keep in mind that when written Latin was spoken, it would have been spoken according to the local accent.  It's likely that the average speaker of vulgar Latin in 500 AD anywhere in the empire would have little problem understanding written Latin.  There mere presence of extra case endings in the written language would not make the language unintelligible.  As an extreme and illustrative example of this, consider Modern Standard Arabic.  There is a close analogy between (A) the positions of spoken dialectal Arabic in 2000 AD, Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), and the Classical Arabic of the Koran (600 AD) and (B) those of 1400 AD spoken Romance dialects, Medieval Latin, and Classical Latin (0 AD).  In both cases, you can take the classical language as essentially the parent of all the spoken languages, and the time frame (1400 years) is the same, and both sets of dialects (Romance and Arabic) had diverged about equally far from the parent and from each other.  Similarly, the difference between MSA and Classical Arabic is much like the difference between Medieval and Classical Latin, and they are (or were) used in similar circumstances -- writing of all sorts, formal speeches, radio broadcasts, formal TV interviews, etc. etc.   It takes some education to learn MSA but it's not very hard and most Arabic speakers do -- in fact, you pretty much have to in order to be able to write, since almost nothing is ever written in local dialects.  Classical Arabic had 3 cases marked on nouns and adjectives (nom, acc, gen), whereas the modern dialects have none.  Properly speaking, since MSA is just a variant of Classical Arabic, is has 3 cases too, but in practice it's always composed without case endings, which are then artificially added later on.  This has no effect on understanding.  Something similar likely happened with Medieval Latin. Benwing (talk) 08:44, 5 June 2009 (UTC)


 * He is probably a student and his knowledge of the language itself and its developments is rather limited, as it appears from his talk page and the comments here (especially consider the section "Cicero" below ...) Mamurra (talk) 13:24, 11 August 2009 (UTC)


 * Uh, Jim62sch might be a student and/or might be wrong on some counts, but what's wrong with his comment on Cicero? Cicero did edit his speeches to be examples of the best proper Latin, and Cicero himself describes what he considered the decay of the language at the time... and his attempts to purify the language (in a similar way to the attempts of 19th-century grammarians to create rules for English grammar that didn't necessarily exist) are pretty well-documented.  (A number of books from classics scholarship from the past decade discuss this, which I thought had been the prevailing view for about a century, if not more.)  What's the problem?  Is your familiarity with classics scholarship even more limited than his?  And if there is something wrong, why not comment on it where it belongs... in the Cicero section below?? 79.36.124.117 (talk) 22:37, 7 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Because I decided to comment that here. And the comment in question runs thus: Cicero rewrote his speeches to fit the conventions of "proper" Latin., which, being inserted into the talk page for "Vulgar Latin", and thus implying that Cicero edited his speeches to change the "spoken" vulgar version into "written" classical version, forms a palpable nonsense. Please read Asconius on the Miloniana, then you'll learn what was the purpose of editing and what was the extent of it. In any way, this has nothing to do with "vulgar Latin". Mamurra (talk) 15:16, 19 October 2009 (UTC)


 * Though Cicero, and a great many authors after him, consistently used what he called alliterations, which I can well immagine that others at the time would have called "adliterations" and seen as decay of language (they are completely lacking in Sallustius).--131.159.0.47 (talk) 21:40, 29 July 2014 (UTC)

"quisque ama valia"
I'm not sure if the interpretation given in this article is really indisputable. In Oscan, there is a clear distinction between the two inherited types of ending: the primary ending -t and the secondary -d. Secondary endings appear in all subjunctive forms. Final -d was lost after unstressed syllables in Latin (like in the ablative singular), and the secondary ending -d is still found in some Old Latin texts I believe. So it's quite possible that valia actually is an archaism here, and reflects the loss of -d rather than of -t. This doesn't apply to ama of course, but in classical Latin the primary -t eventually replaced the secondary -d/ø, and there's no reason as such that in vulgar speech the analogy couldn't work the other way around too. That is, amat lost its ending to conform to valea, which had lost it regularly. CodeCat (talk) 21:03, 10 January 2014 (UTC)


 * I wish that before starting theoreticizing on these forms, scholars took a look at the source of that inscription, its general credibility and the reliability of the widespread reading. I especially recommend CIL and the comments the editor has left there. -89.65.254.38 (talk) 18:25, 21 October 2014 (UTC)

Sacerdos?
In the section "Loss of distinctive length and near-close mergers", the passage "In the 3rd century AD, Sacerdos mentions the tendency..." requires disambiguation. According to this source, Sacerdos is a Roman grammarian, the same identified by this other source] in full as Marius Plotius Sacerdos. There is an article on the Slovak Wikipedia (Marius Plotius Sacerdos) if anyone would like to translate. In the meantime I have replaced the disambiguation link with an interlanguage redlink. Ivanvector (talk) 16:27, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

Article Format / Section on Proto-Romance
The second paragraph of the article begins with the sentence: "The broad term Vulgar Latin should not be confused with the more specific term Proto-Romance..." No Problem. Thank you very much for that particular info. BUT, immediately following the second paragraph is the article's Table of Contents, and following that, lo and behold, the FIRST section that should be dealing with specifics or details as to what Vulgar Latin is, is the section dealing with "Proto-romance".

Since the second paragraph of the article (quoted above) clearly states that Vulgar Latin and Proto-Romance are two distinct items I think the entire section on Proto-Romance should be moved to the end of the article altogether or made an article or stub of its own with a link from Vulgar Latin to get to it, perhaps directly from the second paragraph where the concept is referred to first. My reasoning for this change is simple. Not everyone coming to this page will be a linguist, English major or Latin language specialist. Chances are they will want to know about the article's primary raison d'etre, and I find it foolish to have detail posted about something else altogether in the lead-off paragraph immediately following the Table of Contents. Ultimately, if what the article currently says about Proto-Romace is true, it seems that Proto-Romance is another subject altogether or is some sort of lateral "sibling" concept or derivative of the subject of this article, so therefore it should be posted at the end of this article as a "see also" or something to that effect.

To have an article about another subject, not to mention with dubious sources or lack thereof (as noted in the Proto-Romance heading), is hardly good article formatting / Editing. I'm not about to re-write this article as I am not an expert on this (these) particular subject(s) or WikiPedia programming, so I'm requesting that another more capable editor will take it upon them self to move the Proto-Romance section en masse to where they think is a more appropriate place in the article on Vulgar Latin further down in the article's details, or at the end of the article or make it it's own article or stub altogether as I suggested above. But to leave "Proto-Romance" where it currently is, (immediately following the Table of Contents), only serves to confuse the definition of Vulgar Latin which is the primary purpose of this article. Therefore it's just foolish and - dare I say "unprofessional" - to have "Proto-Romance" inserted where it currently is. The current article format shows a lack of "Capital E" Editorial clarity and purpose as regarding the subject at hand. Thank You. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bblegacy (talk • contribs) 05:36, 11 December 2013 (UTC)

I can't agree with this criticism. The writer's aim is to draw out the distinction between Proto-Romance and Vulgar Latin while leaving it clear that he or she is asserting (and I think ably demonstrating) that the two are intimately interconnected. I found nothing strange or difficult about this placement, and think that the proposed move of this section to the end, or its removal to a separate article would be counterproductive.Fergus Wilde (talk) 13:24, 18 September 2015 (UTC)

Erropr in 7.1 - Italian articles
Article states "in the Romance languages, becoming French le and la, Catalan and Spanish el and la, and Italian il and la''." But for Italian is this incomplete. Italian articles are :
 * singular:


 * il, (masculine), il pomodoro (the tomato)
 * lo, (masculine), lo specchio (the mirror)
 * l', (masculine), l'uomo (the man)
 * l', (feminine), l'ulivo (the olive)
 * la, (feminine), la polizia (the police)
 * the same words in plural


 * i, (masculine), i pomodori (the tomatoes)
 * 1) gli, (masculine), gli specchi (the mirrors)
 * 2) gli, (masculine), gli uomini (the men)
 * le, (feminine), le olive (the olives)
 * le, (feminine), le politiche (the polices)
 * Please note article "l'" is always followed by a vowel and might be either masculine or feminine, which can be seen in the plural forms "gli" or "le".
 * And the contracted words of preposition + article are many more than in any of the other Latin based languages. Spanish has only two of those (al = a + el, del = de + el) but Italian has dei, del, degli, delle , della, just for the preposition "di" (from in English). This is rather exciting as Italian elsewise is regarded as the closest modern language to Latin.
 * Spanish comparance

There are no more (definite) articles and the two only contractions (al, del) are explained. Hence do I feel that the part 7.1 calls for some looking over. Boeing720 (talk) 10:04, 12 January 2016 (UTC)
 * el, (masculine), el tomate (the tomato)
 * la, (feminime), la policía (the police)
 * 1) los, (masculine), los tomates (the tomatoes)
 * 2) las, (feminime), las policías (the polices)
 * 1) las, (feminime), las policías (the polices)

Note on "semi-phonetic" transcription of Strasbourg Oaths: IPA instead? Also: clearer notes on /w/>/β/ shift
The "semi" phonetic hybrid transcription of the Oaths of Strasbourg in Old French appears rather strange. Before, no attempt was made to represent 9th century French phonology and the excerpt just read in regular text. If we are trying to represent hypothetical Old French phonology, could someone restore the actual text to regular spelling while adding an actual IPA transcription? Keep in mind also, that the only change I see here that makes it "phonetic" is the inclusion of the vowel /ɘ/ for 'a'. IPA would be much more helpful.

Also, this page makes only a few brief mentions of the sound shift of /w/> consonantal /β/ (most Romance varieties further to /v/) in 'u': first in mentioning the Appendix Probi and the "levelling of the distinction between /b/ and /w/ between vowels ('brauium non brabium')" and then in the discussion of the diphthong /au/ which "did not participate in the sound shift from /w/ to /β̞/." However, these seem to be too subtle and indirect of comments on what should be considered a major phonological development. I suggest it be included in a new section under Consonant development.

Iotacist (talk) 02:01, 2 April 2016 (UTC)Iotacist

Late Latin and Low Latin
The terms Late Latin and Low Latin both redirect here, but neither is defined here. The term Late Latin is even used several times, but the reader is never told what it means. --Zundark (talk) 08:40, 25 April 2009 (UTC)


 * The redir of "Late Latin" pointing to here is definitely wrong, as the Late Latin is the litterary language after 200 AD, whereas Vulgar Latin is the spoken language over all periods, so these are two different things. Mamurra (talk) 12:35, 7 May 2009 (UTC)


 * Yes, the Late Latin redirect seems wrong to me too. (I'm not so sure about "Low Latin", as that seems to have more than one meaning.) So what's the best solution? Make a new article for Late Latin? --Zundark (talk) 22:05, 7 May 2009 (UTC)


 * Definitely. Late Latin is a much more important thing than the Vulgar Latin (and much better defined, sourced, substantial, too). Mamurra (talk) 11:11, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't see any such article, what's holding you up? Is this "why don't the rest of you work" day? This is getting to be like education: it isn't the teacher who does the educating it is the student. Without the student's management of and participation in the education it isn't going to happen. Nothing ventured nothing gained. The gauntlet you have to run may be painful but you can't get to the other side without running it.Dave (talk) 14:36, 20 September 2009 (UTC)


 * There are two usages of the term Late Latin. One refers to the literary language only, post approximately 200 AD; the other is to Latin as it naturally developed, written (by no means necessarily literary) and spoken, but before those charged with writing finally gave up and tried to write the language they actually used. See Roger Wright's 1972 book, Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France, Liverpool: Cairns.70.176.80.120 (talk) 14:59, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Sociolinguistic excursions
Passage deleted from article: "The term itself predates the field of sociolinguistics, and research into the history of Vulgar Latin was in some ways a precursor to sociolinguistics. The latter studies language variation associated with social variables, and tends not to view variation as a strict standard–non-standard dichotomy (for example, Classical–Vulgar Latin) but as variations. In light of fields such as sociolinguistics, dialectology, and historical linguistics, Vulgar Latin is the sociological, geographical and historic variations in Latin that excludes the speech and the writings of the educated classes."

These sociolinguistic ramblings don't have a thing to do with the topic. What are you saying, you don't like standard-non-standard dichotomies? So what? If vulgar Latin is one, how can it be a precursor to sociolinguistics, which abhors it? Sorry, I don't see any logic in this or any reason for its being there. How have sociolinguists helped us here, or are you just throwing around educated words? Moreover, we've been over the educated class bit three or four times already. Your additions have to fit the article, we don't care if you personally look educated or not.Dave (talk) 12:09, 21 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Granted that the passage deleted is a bit much and needed reworking, but sociolinguistics has everything to do with the topic of Vulgar Latin (better labeled Popular Latin, but we seem stuck with the traditional term). Before ranting, note that your own declarations can be strange: whence the idea that (the field of?) sociolinguistics abhors Vulgar Latin? Note also that while, with time, a dichotomy between natural native speech and the prescribed standard did arise as the standard became ever more archaic, at the time of, say, Cicero, we have to assume a diastratic continuum of registers in Rome (with, for Cicero, some degree of agility in diatopic differentiation between Rome and Arpinum). In short, sociolinguistics at every turn, omnipresent.70.176.80.120 (talk) 15:43, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Claim of Latin death under Sources
Since Latin didn't die, but evolved into a plethora of Romance "dialects", this requires some elaboration: the death of Latin after the fall of the empire. I have no idea what's intended by the statement, and I've studied and taught Romance Linguistics for decades. The average reader is surely going to be either baffled or greatly misled by "the death of Latin." 70.176.80.120 (talk) 03:03, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I've changed the wording accordingly. --Jotamar (talk) 17:02, 27 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Not sure if it's entirely clear, but it is better. Thanks.70.176.80.120 (talk) 17:07, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin vs. Proto-Romance
I feel that the article is mixing these two up. Vulgar Latin, as I understand, should refer to a group of dialects spoken alongside Classical Latin in ancient times. When we cite examples from 722 and 842, I think that's too late for us to be speaking of Vulgar Latin - at that point, it's reached the point of Proto-Romance. (Indeed, the article Oaths of Strasbourg refers to it as Old French.) 108.254.160.23 (talk) 17:56, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No suggestions here, just a comment that that's an interesting observation, on various levels. Vulgar Latin is, pretty much by definition, Proto-Romance (in terms of real-world linguistic evolution, not P-R as a reconstruction exercise). As natively spoken Latin, it just continues. The Strasbourg Oaths are French-ish, and they're old, but it's more than a bit iffy -- on grounds of syntax, morphology, phonology, and lexicon -- to label the language therein Old French, if by that is meant the linear precursor of what we think of as Middle French and Modern French. That quibble aside, yes and no: by 842 we have clear evidence that Vulgar Latin has evolved to the point that it is recognizable as Romance (but well past proto stage) when an effort is made to write it. I'm not sure how much of the confusion is conceptual, and how much is due to labeling, assuming that the two can be teased apart.70.176.80.120 (talk) 18:07, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

Spanish diphthongization
Hello. The article is very good indeed. I have just got a suggestion: talking about the diphthongization of VL short e and o in Spanish, it is said that "Spanish ... diphthongized in all circumstances." It would be a good idea to stress that this takes place in accented syllables only: morir (to die) - muero, mueres, muere (I die, you die, s/he dies), mortal - muerte (death); vejez (old age) - viejo/a (old man/woman), pelaje (fur) - piel (skin). I am a native Spanish-speaker, so I know what I am talking about. Best wishes!--Alpinu (talk) 22:10, 28 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The title of the section where that statement appears is "Stressed vowels" and the role of stress/accent is already repeated several times throughout. I am more puzzled by the second part of the sentence: "… resulting in a simple five-vowel system in both stressed and unstressed syllables". I don't see what that has to do with diphthongization. CapnPrep (talk) 22:51, 28 February 2009 (UTC)


 * This is correct. Italo-Western Romance had seven stressed vowels and five unstressed vowels.  Spanish converted two of the stressed vowels into rising diphthongs, best analyzed as sequences of two phonemes; hence only five vowels left. Benwing (talk) 04:04, 31 May 2009 (UTC)


 * And -- perhaps partly as a result -- neither [e]/[ɛ] nor [o]/[ɔ] can form contrasting minimal pairs in Spanish (as they can in, for example, Italian).96.42.57.164 (talk) 01:54, 13 May 2017 (UTC)

Oaths of Strasbourg: Proposed elimination of "5th century Vulgar Latin of Paris" and replacement with other Romance variety samples
I assume that the rendering of the 9th century Oaths of Strasbourg in so-called 5th century Parisian Vulgar Latin is only hypothetical; I see nothing wrong with the reconstruction, but would not a comparison with actual texts be stronger? Perhaps this section is better compared with other Proto-Romance varieties: e.g. the 10th century Glosas Emilianses for Hispano-Romance (also, Nodicia de kesos for Leonese) or the Placiti Cassinesi and the Veronese Riddle for Italian.

Iotacist (talk) 22:04, 21 June 2017 (UTC)Iotacist


 * The Placiti Cassinesi and Veronese Riddle won't do for Italian, which originates more or less in Florence, geolinguistically rather distant from both Monte Cassino and Verona. -- I have another quibble, though, along with yours. Agreed that what is presented here as 5th-century Parisian is hypothetical only, thus of dubious value and questionable purpose, but there's more: the web page that it's cadged from, in addition to reporting no scholarly source, claims only Latin parlé (vers le Vème siècle) without saying where, i.e. no claim that it's Parisian. Any idea why it's labeled Parisian here? 96.42.57.164 (talk) 22:25, 23 June 2017 (UTC)


 * I've absolutely no idea why it is labeled as Parisian. I suppose it was meant more generally as Gallo-Romance.Iotacist (talk)Iotacist
 * Yes, maybe it's simply a case of mislabeling. But even if the label is replaced, the question remains of what the purpose is of hypothesizing 5th-century forms -- why 5th? Why do it at all? I can think of good reasons, but those reasons should be explained (and, ideally, the reconstructed features identified and justified). 96.42.57.164 (talk) 14:03, 24 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I would certainly like to see the reconstruction replaced. Have we any other suggestions for better textual samples? Or should it simply be deleted with no replacement, leaving just the actual 9th century text of the Oaths?Iotacist (talk) 23:18, 24 June 2017 (UTC)Iotacist
 * I'm in the midst of restoring the text of the original, which had been "adjusted," thus misrepresented (and I'm also massaging the text above it to relieve it of the most glaring misconceptions). I haven't touched the 5th-century reconstruction, but like you, I see no reason for it to be there. Hall published a P-R version of the Oath, but I don't know what the purpose of presenting that would be, either. However, it could be very helpful to readers new to the topic to see other "early" texts (Nodicia de kesos, Placiti, etc.), to illustrate that VL had evolved into very recognizably distinct varieties by 10th century, thus driving home the point that in terms of VL dialectal differentiation into Romance variety, the texts are actually rather late. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 13:03, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your time spent on these revisions. If possible (reaching out now for the consensus of other readers) can we proceed with the elimination of the reconstruction and replacement with the Nodicia/or Glosas Emilianenses and Placiti? Actually, the more I look at the reconstruction, the more problematic it seems. For example, why the use of 'y' presumably for palatal glide /j/ in words like 'Chrestyano' and 'saluarayo'? I would not guess that 'y' was used at this time for anything else other than transcription of Greek ypsilon υ.Iotacist (talk) 01:24, 27 June 2017 (UTC)Iotacist

Under History: mutual intelligibility
This is simply untrue as a blanket statement: By the end of the first millennium, dialectization pressures had caused such divergence that mutual intelligibility of the spoken language was gone. Mutual intelligibility of which varieties of spoken language, where? Quite plausible that the average Picard and the average Pugliese would have had trouble understanding each other at the millenium. But even today, people from Spain and Italy can understand each other rather well if they choose to, and the San Clemente inscriptions in Rome (presumably late 11th century) e.g. "Fili de le pute, traite," would almost certainly have been comprehensible to most speakers of Romance at the time. Also, this and the Romance languages had become distinct, while true, is most likely misleading on two levels for an uninformed reader, who may think the reference is to today's national standard(ized) languages, which did not exist as such in the year 1000, and who may think that distinct necessarily implies mutually unintelligible (Bolognese and Ferrarese, for example, were distinct then and are now, but mutual intelligibility continues unabated). All evidence and principles point to Romania continua as being what Charles Hockett called L-complex, i.e. an unbroken chain of local differentiation such that, in principle and with appropriate caveats, intelligibility (due to sharing of features) attenuates with distance.70.176.80.120 (talk) 16:58, 28 March 2017 (UTC)


 * We could argue about the mutual intelligibility of those languages, but what concerns me more is the intelligibility of the paragraph itself. It reads like a university student trying to impress his tutor. Patrick Neylan (talk) 11:29, 7 August 2017 (UTC)


 * Thanks for your edits. The resulting paragraph is now truly intelligible, without being "dumbed down" or less accurate than it was before. &mdash; Lawrence King ( talk ) 22:05, 7 August 2017 (UTC)


 * Au contraire. It has, indeed, been dumbed down, and it's less accurate -- to the point of containing what is very likely a falsehood re mutual intelligibility -- while also fundamental information has been removed. Massaging text to make it accessible is very welcome, indeed. It takes some skill to do that, though, and the skill does not include replacing the distilled knowledge of a century and more of scholarship with unfounded dubious claims nor brute deletion of information that enhances understanding the material. Chainsaws are seldom the best tools for surgery. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 23:23, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

Essere
'''The copula (that is, the verb signifying "to be") of Classical Latin was esse. This evolved to *essere in Vulgar Latin by attaching the common infinitive suffix -re to the classical infinitive; this produced Italian essere and French être'''

Essere, especially in the light of être does not look like it was esse + re (which would be a development not only particularly absurd, but also exceptional). It totally looks like it was a descendent of exsistere: exsistere -> exstere -> esstere -> essere (in Italian), and exsistere -> exsitre -> essitre -> estre -> etre in French. -212.87.13.78 (talk) 00:08, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Could be, but I still haven't found anything. Esse was likely regularized to essere (In the Romance languages, irregular infinitives are uncommon, and I haven't heard one without an r ever). There's no doubt that Italian essere comes from Latin esse However, the existere > être in French could be complex. Old French had 2 copula verbs like Spanish or Italian, so the common evolution of the verbs esse and stare in Romance seems much more plausible, with some analogies added in a later stage. Also remember that you must consider the whole verb paradigm, not only the infinitive. The paradigms of Old French estre - ester derive from esse and stare. However, we all know that both verbs have merged in Modern French, so it seems that the descendant of esse was simply becoming closer and closer to the descendant of stare. See: -- Fauban  11:40, 27 October 2012 (UTC)


 * No, Italian essere and French être cannot possibly be form exsistere. Think of the place of the accent! In late Latin, essere was the most natural way of normalizing the old esse, since all other present infinitives ended in -re. --Zxly (talk) 21:58, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The development was probably esse > essere > essre > estre > être. The -t- is epenthetic, and there are several other verbs in French (and Catalan) with such an extra consonant, such as moudre < moldre < molere, pondre < ponere. CodeCat (talk) 03:29, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah, at least in (standard) Catalan, clusters like nr, lr, sr are impossible, and I think that in Old French they were too.-- Fauban  20:07, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

I find that hard to believe, that anyone could attach a -re to esse. Not that they were so aware of the morphology (esse = es + inf. ending already), but primarily that the rule seems to be that words used very often, do not change. That's why ferre, velle, nolle, malle and esse have not been normalized in classical Latin (where the regular inf. ending was -are, -ere, -ire for centuries). Now, esse is a word which is used _very_ often, just think about the acc./nom. c. inf. syntax and all the verbs which require direct object to be an acc. or an inf.: esse debui, esse non potui, esse volui... such a total rebuilding of the inf. form would require first that all such phrases went out of use so that the infinitive became scarce. As I said above, I find it hard to believe. At the other hand, a tendency to replace esse with exstare or exsistere can be observed in medieval Latin, this is why I suspect essere comes from them. -212.87.13.78 (talk) 20:49, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Again, there's no RS saying this. Also you must consider the whole paradigm: The conjugated forms of to be in Romance do derive from Latin esse.-- Fauban  14:04, 2 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I think there is a bit of a flaw in your logic above, 212. Latin exsistere was stressed on the second syllable, so it is very unlikely that the -i- would have syncopated like you suggested. I think if it had survived into French, it would have evolved as Latin exsistere > Old French essistre > French essître (the i was short, though, so it might have become /e/ in Romance). CodeCat (talk) 14:40, 2 February 2013 (UTC)


 * Yes, that sounds convincing. Thanks. -212.87.13.78 (talk) 22:37, 23 March 2013 (UTC)


 * There's also no way in Central Italian historical phonology to delete the /t/. Italian essere is clearly esse + inf marker.70.176.80.120 (talk) 02:52, 27 March 2017 (UTC)


 * Latin quadraginta is stressed on the second syllable (qua-dra-GIN-ta), but this does not prevent it from being syncopated in Italian quaranta. Similarly: quin-qua-GIN-ta > cin-quan-ta etc. Where is the stressed "gi"? 89.65.87.100 (talk) 18:01, 21 December 2015 (UTC)


 * The phonological development wasn't really syncope. Intervocalic /g/ weakened and deleted, leaving a stressed syllable with diphthong, -rain-. The difficulty is /ai/ > /a/, rather than the expected /e/.70.176.80.120 (talk) 02:52, 27 March 2017 (UTC)


 * In quarainta or cinquainta the "in" is still stressed. And, to come back to the original question, grant that "esse" was normalized by adding the redundant inf. marker. What happened all of sudden, that it needed/was possible to be normalized so, though there was no such pressure on normalization during several past centuries, when it was all the time being equally abnormal and exceptional? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.135.42.69 (talk) 14:56, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Sure, stress remains on the penult. Once the /g/ is weakened to null, /a'i/ is expected. But notice what happens e.g. in Spanish even today: those who order the sherry Fino La Ina frequently pronounce it [fino 'laina], rather than [fino la'ina]. Subtract high literacy and overt knowledge of the lexical/morphological structure represented by the diphthong, et voilà: Spanish "makes historical phonological sense" in having /ai/ > /e/ -enta in its '40', '50', etc. (but Italian -anta, not so much). // On redundancy, see the long tortured history of 'whence' from UNDE to de dónde as in ¿De dónde eres?. There's no reason to claim or assume that esse > essere took place all of a sudden. If you mean why did so many people continue writing for so long after it must have actually been essere in normal speech, see Appendix Probi -- presumably in essence the usual conspiracy of inertia + the variegated effects of what someone once called "the dead hand of standardization." (I still write things like, though my pronunciation contains nothing that even hints at /k/ or /e/, and the internal vowel could just as well represent the stressed vowel of machine or police.) 96.42.57.164 (talk) 18:07, 4 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Do you really believe that all these centuries before the Romance period people were only just writing esse while saying essere? If so, I am afraid that you have to prove it. In any case, current behaviour of people who are ordering a sherry is no proof for what was happening 1500 years ago, I am afraid. So the (historical) syncope of the stressed syllable in quadraginta > quaranta still remains an analogous case for a supposed syncope of the stressed syllable in exsistere > essere.
 * "Do you really believe that all these centuries before the Romance period people were only just writing esse while saying essere?" No. Nor did I say or imply that I do believe such a thing. There is no syncope in the case of quadraginta > quaranta, just as there is no syncope of the nucleus of the stressed syllable of exsistere. Exsistere > Fr. être and exsistere > It. essere are impossible derivations. This is too basic to waste time and space on here, but if you want to come to some understanding of what was going on, try this: 1) find out how many, and which, Latin infinitives lacked -re; 2) find out (by reading scholarship, not by making up implausible scenarios that fly in the face of the accomplishments of 150 years of Historical Linguistics, elementary articulatory phonetics, etc.) what happened to them, how, and why. If you need help with the basics, find a copy of Peter Boyd-Bowman's From Latin to Romance in sound charts. Enjoy. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 00:26, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I am afraid, Mr. 96.42.57.164, that I know very well, and, I guess, better than you, "how many and which Latin infinitives lacked -re". The reason being just because I know Latin very well, which you do not. Vereor me optime scire, et melius quidem, quam tu scias, quot infinitivi Latini quique privati sint illa "-re" desinentia. These are: esse, ferre (fer-se), velle (vel-se), malle (mag-vel-se), nolle (non-vel-se). Conclusion: get back to your schoolbooks before you interrupt someone's else discussion. -89.70.153.186 (talk) 21:03, 8 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Puerility aside, you've managed to find the verbs. Good. Now, continue the task. An easy one to start with (other than esse, which is by far the easiest to deal with) would be velle -- trace it into modern Italian volere, less messy than vouloir. Don't panic when you run into your inevitable "I find that hard to believe"; just keep plugging and you'll eventually discover what happens in real-world language change. And you'll learn a lesson applicable to esse > essere. Just for fun, you'll discover even more if you figure out how the Catalan futures and conditionals got their forms. Savor. 96.42.57.164 (talk) 03:13, 9 June 2017 (UTC)
 * "Volere" does not contain double inf. suffix, Mr. Wise-Ass. And learn some Latin, too. So long.
 * That "esse" devolved into "essere" is almost proven by the fact alone that Italian does have "essere" now. Oh and the infinitve was not so often used I guess, especially as it almost always could be left out elliptically. As for French être, the thing I've heard is that it comes from stare via estare (cf. the Spanish), as its participle été certainly does. As it didn't evolve into *éter (as I guess it would have), I consider it also possible that it came either from essere via ess're, then ess-t-re (for simplifying the s-r) and estre, or directly from esre (remembering that -re is the usual infinitive ending and thus replacing the infinitive ending -se in esse with it) again via es-t-re. I cannot see how it could possibly come from exsistere, which naturally is exister in French and couldn't possibly have become something much different even if it had been kept originally rather than reimported (as it probably was).--2001:A61:20E4:A101:2CDA:41CF:BD37:25EE (talk) 16:55, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin of Paris, circa 5th c. AD (again)
This is, at best, a speculative reconstruction, and should be labeled clearly as such. Beyond that, if it belongs in the article, the source needs to be identified (not an anonymous web page), and more importantly, the purpose: what purpose is it intended to serve? There's no reason to assume that the language of the Oaths is in any sense proto-Parisian or of any area nearby, i.e. that it is a linear precursor of what would become the national lanuguage. Nithard's text does illustrate very nicely a probably somewhat koiné version of vaguely central Gallo-Romance of the 9th century, thus of what Spoken Latin had become by that time in an indeterminate locale. Why include speculation of a version from two centuries (see below) earlier? — Now to sourcing and labeling. The unsourced text claimed to be "Vulgar Latin of Paris, circa 5th c. AD" is labeled "Latin parlé (vers le Vème siècle)" on the web page it's linked to; no mention of Paris. The reconstruction is identical to reconstructed text described as "Spoken Latin, Seventh Cent." (no Paris, two centuries after 5th) on p. 78 of Frank Frost Abbott's 1912 book, The Common People of Ancient Rome: Studies of Roman Life and Literature, and Abbott quite honestly cites Ferdinand Brunot's Histoire de la langue française, p. 144 as his source (more precisely: Histoire de la language française des origines à 1900, Tome 1, De l'époque latine à la Renaissance, 1905). Sure enough, there it is in Brunot's text, labeled Latin parlé (vers le VIIe siècle), and his intro on the previous page appears to indicate that the reconstruction is his. The time he states clearly. He makes no claim that it is intended to represent Parisian. — Does Brunot's reconstructed text belong here? That's a judgment call. It's of some interest to the history of Romance Philology that a scholar of his stature would propose it. It might be of interest to readers if it were described as what it was meant to be: an educated hypothesis of the Spoken Latin/Early Romance of two centuries earlier than the Oaths that illustrates, by comparing the two, changes that he assumed took place during those two centuries. --47.32.20.133 (talk) 23:03, 1 July 2018 (UTC)

For many centuries
"For many centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, Vulgar Latin continued to coexist with a written form of Late Latin, Medieval Latin; for when speakers of Romance vernaculars set out to write with correct grammar and spelling, they attempted to emulate the norms of Classical Latin. This scholarly Latin, 'frozen' by Justinian's codifications of Roman law on the one hand, and by the Catholic Church on the other, was eventually unified by the medieval copyists; it continued to exist as a Dachsprache in the Middle Ages, and a lingua franca well beyond them."

This is pretty much incomprehensible; for example, Medieval Latin is after Late Latin except that some authors tag it as a brand of mediaeval. And what do you mean "continued to exist with a written form ... Vulgar Latin is not written. And so on. Most of it is tagged and since we aren't likely to find sources for this editorial hamburger, out it comes. Dave (talk) 13:18, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The text deleted is not only quite comprehensible, but also pretty accurate. A tiny bit of editing might be in order, but not much. One obvious aid to readers would be to use "roof language", Dachsprache perhaps in parentheses, with the link going directly to roofing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages#Roofing). The sources are the obvious ones for the topic (Banniard, Van Uytfanghe, Wright, etc.). --47.32.20.133 (talk) 23:33, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

"Va" forms
I noticed that most if not all Romance languages use "va" and similar forms in the present tense of the verb "to go". For instance, the third-person singular form of ir in Spanish, aller in French, and andare in Italian is "va", and Portuguese has "vai" for ir. I'm wondering where this comes from. Do they come from a corruption of Latin ire, or somewhere else? In any case, I think it should be noted in the article since this feature is so common. - furrykef (Talk at me) 11:21, 4 December 2007 (UTC)


 * The va- forms come from Latin vādō, vādere. CapnPrep 11:59, 4 December 2007 (UTC)


 * To go a bit farther: va - 3rd pers.sing.ind, 'andare', 'ir', 'aller', etc: < Lat. vado, -ere. to go; as often happens in Romance, the less common written classical form 'yields' to the more common colloquial form. Cf It. andare: < Lat. Vadere: thus: Vadimus < Arch.Lat. *wandiymus > LL *andyemus > It. Andiamo. And so on. &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 16:32, 6 March 2008 (UTC)


 * The "va-" forms and the "and-" forms are related? I didn't know that! I had thought that this illustrated the more general phenomenon called suppletion. English has it: go/went, where went is etymologically the past tense of to wend. Also, the various forms of the verb to be are examples of suppletion. I think it's still the case with Spanish ir. &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 01:33, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * Andare and aller are usually said to derive from ambulare, and the modern Romance conjugations are presented as textbook examples of suppletive paradigms. I'm not sure how this can be reconciled with Jim62sch's proposal above. CapnPrep (talk) 13:12, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * That's it&#8212;ambulare ' s the source I'm used to seeing. But are there other examples of Latin mb > Spanish nd? &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 15:43, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * While ambulare is the most widely accepted source, it must also be recognized that it did not undergo regular phonetic development. Here's an article (from 1904!) that argues against this dominant hypothesis, and suggests that adnare ('swim to' > annare, with suffixed forms *annitare, *annulare) might be the correct source: The Etymology of the Romance Words for "To Go". CapnPrep (talk) 16:27, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * The basic issue is that the forms developed differently in the romance languages, in many cases depending on how early Latin was introduced to the area and various geographic and sociologiocal factors. Recall that I mentioned the Italian model andare, and in Italian we find the following forms:
 * Pres Ind 1PS, vado, 2PS, vai, 3PS, va and 3PP vanno.
 * Pres Subj 1PS, 2PS, 3PS, vada, 3PP, vadano.
 * Spanish and Portuguese ir (ostensibly from ire (eo)) are even stranger, with forms derived from eo, vado and sum.
 * On the other hand, Catalan anar, derives from only two forms see here for those unfamiliar with Catalan.
 * Ditto for Sicilian annari
 * Aller, too, is a hodgepodge of forms: eo, vado and, possibly, a very corrupted form of ambulo, although to me that seems unlikely.
 * Then there's Romanian, with two forms, voi from vado, and a reflexive se duce from ''duco.
 * Of course, "to go" is one of the most irregular verbs in IE languages, next to "to be". "to be" is rather interesting in Romance languages as Latin had only one verb, sum (sto meaning stand) yet Romance languages can have between 1 and 3.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 19:15, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * But were you seriously proposing Lat. vadere > It. andare? CapnPrep (talk) 19:35, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * If you trace back from Old Latin, there is a linguistic reason to assume so. However, I can see no reason for mb becoming nd, and am aware of no such mutation in Romance languages, nor can I posit a mechanism for such a mutation: I could see either the m or b dropping (most likely the b), but not such a shift as proposed.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 20:27, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The Italian verb "andare" seems to stem from "ambitare", a word originally used in horse riding. The i in the verb was a short one, so it eventually fell, giving *ambtare and then andare when the bt nexus underwent lenition. Pan Brerus (talk) 23:08, 25 June 2012 (UTC)


 * You omitted Spanish fui, fuiste, etc., as the preterite for ir, and likewise in Portuguese. These are identical to the preterite for ser = "to be", but is this definitely known to be suppletion by these forms of ser, or might it be a matter of suppletion by Latin fugio = "to flee", which had the preterite fugi, fugisti, fugit, etc.? Of course, Spanish huir = "to flee" took its own path too, but this could have been a parallel development. The dropping of the "g" is normal, as in huir itself, as in rugitus > ruido ("noise"), etc. &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 19:46, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * I forgot nothing, read again (with emphasis added):
 * Spanish and Portuguese ir (ostensibly from ire (eo)) are even stranger, with forms derived from eo, vado and  sum .
 * Re fugio -- seems unlikely.  &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 20:27, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * Sorry, of course&#8212;reading too fast, I didn't connect sum. &#8212;Largo Plazo (talk) 23:31, 7 March 2008 (UTC)


 * And I was a bit short with you, sorry about that. &#0149;Jim 62 sch&#0149; dissera! 19:41, 9 March 2008 (UTC)


 * Of course "andare" does not come from "vadere", but its present singular and 3 P pl very much and rather obviously do so (vado, vai, va, vanno), they're almost regular seen under that respect. (I came to find that in casual Italian conversation when you haven't instinctivized your forms yet, it is very tempting to use "vadere" for infinitive, which is understood too, but obviously incorrect.)--131.159.0.47 (talk) 21:36, 29 July 2014 (UTC)


 * If anyone is still curious about suppletive 'go' in Latin > Romance -- and verb suppletion in general -- a lot can be learned from perusing Ljuba N. Veselinova's 2006 book Suppletion in Verb Paradigms (Amsterdam: John Benjamins), especially chapter 5 for Romance. Her presentation is very accessible for the basics, and she has good up-to-date (at the time) fundamental bibliography for further exploration. --47.32.20.133 (talk) 15:17, 26 August 2018 (UTC)

Excellent piece of intro in the Spanish-language version of the topic
Doubtful if "desde el punto de vista de la lingüística moderna" is needed, but with or without that, the statement clarifies a number of misunderstandings in relatively few words, leaving no impression that "Vulgar Latin" was anything other than a range of registers of Latin.


 * Sin embargo conviene aclarar, desde el punto de vista de la lingüística moderna, que el latín vulgar como tal es una expresión basada en una hipótesis antigua y equivocada, que suponía la existencia de dos lenguas paralelas: un latín "culto" y uno "vulgar"; pero, verdaderamente, el latín vulgar era el latín mismo, un idioma vivo y en constante evolución, mientras que el latín clásico sólo se mantenía en la literatura y administración como el lenguaje escrito culto, para facilitar la comunicación entre las provincias romanas.47.32.20.133 (talk) 15:17, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

Vulgar Latin is less standardized and was spoken as a living language until the 8th century.
Presumably not standardized at all beyond normal native-speaker (self-) monitoring, but the more troubling bit to be addressed here is the notion "was spoken as a living language until the 8th century." An ingenuous reader might take that literally and actually believe it, thus totally miss the point that Romance languages didn't "derive from" colloquial spoken Latin (that inexplicably stopped being a living language), but are its continuation. 2600:8800:A580:DAC0:1837:E103:7DCE:1C26 (talk) 17:13, 10 February 2019 (UTC)

Question on the status of learned pronunciations in late-Roman/early medieval era paralleling development of Proto-Romance
Is there any information on the status of learned pronunciations from the late imperial period up to 1000 CE? I am wondering because the Classical Latin reconstruction seems to make clear that by the imperial period, final /m/ was regularly lost and replaced with nasalization on the previous vowel, and then of course there are the near-close allophones [ɪ] and [ʊ] for short vowels /i/ and /u/. But while in VL. the graphic omission of 'm' indicates the lost of nasalization, and the 'e/i' 'o/u' confusion indicates the vowel mergers, later medieval Ecclesiastical Latin seems to follow a learned spelling pronunciation according to the local Romance dialect, restoring the consonantal status of final /m/ and pronouncing former short vowels the same as their former long counterparts, so [ɪ] and [iː] > [i] and [ʊ] and [uː] > [u] instead of [ɪ] > [e], [iː] > [i] and [ʊ] > [o] and [uː] > [u] in VL.

I presume that learned speakers would have followed the general patterns of most other VL./Proto-Romance consonant developments, so pre-palatal /k/ > /tʃ/ or /ts/, /g/ > /dʒ/, lost of /h/, etc. But my issue is, when would the restoration of spelling pronunciations that we see in medieval Latin, like final /m/, near-close vowel elimination, etc., have taken place? For example, while a Classical Latin speaker would have pronounced ad dominum as [ad ˈdɔmɪnũː] would Jerome or Boethius have already said [ad ˈdɔminum], as in later ecclesiastical Latin, while their contemporary VL./Proto-Romance speakers would have said something like [a ˈdɔmnu] or [a ̍dɔmno]?

PS: regarding some of the comments above, I agree that something needs to be done about the questionable reconstruction of 5th century 'Gallo-Romance' in the chart next to the Oaths of Strasbourg.

Iotacist (talk) 20:34, 16 November 2018 (UTC)Iotacist


 * Good questions. Many are answered here: Wright, Roger (1982). Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France. Liverpool: Francis Cairns. And Wright provides the perspective for exploring further. Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 15:32, 29 March 2019 (UTC)

Article should be deleted as scholarship is too old
A true linguistic wording is classical latin was orthography but the pronunciation always vulgar. thus, the sociolectal variation was always minimal. like we write english this way so antiquated and dont get bothered by it. since its "standard". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yoandri Dominguez Garcia (talk • contribs) 09:26, 29 December 2018 (UTC)


 * I agree. There are many other issues besides that, such as sparse citation and various misconceptions. If nobody objects to this within a month, I will simply replace or revise the entire article. --Excelsius (talk) 01:30, 11 October 2020 (UTC)
 * The article does need a good bit of cleaning up, and some updating (inspired in part by the points raised in Paul Lloyd's article). Best done by editing the present text, though, with clear sourcing of anything "controversial." Barefoot through the chollas (talk) 15:18, 11 October 2020 (UTC)