Thanom Kittikachorn

Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn (ถนอม กิตติขจร,, ; 11 August 1911 – 16 June 2004) was Prime minister of Thailand from 1963 to 1973, military officer, who supported and initiated military coups and became Thailand's defence minister. He rose to power when he staged a self-coup, until public protests which exploded into violence forced him to step down. His return from exile in 1976 sparked protests which led to a massacre of demonstrators, followed by a military coup.

Early life
Thanom Kittikachorn was born in Tak Province to Khun Amphan Kittikachorn and his wife, Linchee Kittikachorn. His family was of Thai Chinese descent. He attended Wat Koak Plu Municipal School, then was admitted to the Army Cadet Academy. After receiving his commission, he reported for duty with Infantry Regiment VII in Chiang Mai. Thanom later studied at the Cartography School and the Infantry School, and graduated from the National Defense College in its first class.

Rise to power
After the Anti-Indian sentiment riots and serving in the Shan States of Burma during the British Colonial destruction, then Lieutenant Colonel Thanom took part in a successful 1947 coup headed by Colonel Sarit Thanarat. He became a regimental commander and was head of the Lopburi military department. He was soon promoted to colonel, commanding the 11th Infantry Division. Thanom was appointed a member of parliament in 1951, his first political role. He was promoted to major general the same year.

In February 1953, Thanom led the suppression of a rebellion against military rule, and was rewarded with promotion to lieutenant general. He represented Thailand at the ceremony to mark the end of the Korean War in July 1953 and was later promoted as commander of the 1st Region Army.

He was appointed deputy cooperatives minister in 1955. Thanom supported Sarit in his coup against the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, and was subsequently appointed defence minister in Pote Sarasin's puppet regime in 1957. Thanom consolidated his power base as the second military leader and right-hand man of Sarit. A few days after the December 1957 general election, in which the pro-government Sahaphum Party ("United Land") had performed disappointingly, Thanom co-founded the National Socialist Party (Chat Sangkhomniyom). He became the deputy leader of this party, designed to extend the pro-government camp and win over former members of Phibunsongkhram's Seri Manangkhasila Party who had been reelected to parliament as independents.

In 1958, he was made a full general and assumed the offices of prime minister and defence minister. He was prime minister for nine months, after which he was replaced by Sarit himself and made deputy prime minister, defence minister, and armed forces deputy supreme commander.

Prime minister of Thailand
Prime Minister Thanom succeeded his predecessor one day after Sarit's death in 1963. He subsequently appointed himself commander-in-chief of the army. One year later, he promoted himself to the concurrent ranks of field marshal, admiral of the fleet, and marshal of the air force. Thanom continued the pro-American and anti-communist politics of his predecessor, which helped to ensure massive US economic and financial aid during the Vietnam War. Although he was personally popular, his regime was known for massive corruption. He established and led the United Thai People's Party (Saha Prachathai) in October 1968.

Thanom reappointed himself prime minister in February 1969 after general elections had been completed. The following year saw the beginnings of the 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand. Then, in November 1971, he staged a coup against his own government, citing the need to suppress communist infiltration. He dissolved parliament and appointed himself Chairman of the National Executive Council, and served as a caretaker government for one year. In December 1972, he appointed himself prime minister for a fourth time, also serving as the defence and foreign ministers. Thanom, his son Colonel Narong, and Narong's father-in-law General Praphas Charusathien became known as the "three tyrants".

Public discontent grew, along with demands for a general election to choose a new parliament. Student-led demands for a return to constitutional government led to days of violence followed by the sudden downfall of his government. Thanom and the other "tyrants" flew to exile in the United States and Singapore. Thanom's departure was followed by a restoration of democratic rule in Thailand.

After step down
In October 1976, Thanom returned to Thailand in the robes of a novice monk, to stay at Bangkok's Wat Bowonniwet. Even though he announced he had no desire to enter politics, his return triggered student protests, which eventually moved onto the campus of Thammasat University. This was only a year after South Vietnam and Thailand's neighbors Laos and Cambodia had fallen to the communists, and right-wing Thais suspected the protesters wished the same fate for their own country. On 6 October 1976, right-wing militants, aided by government security forces, stormed the Thammasat campus, violently broke up the protests, and killed many protesters. That evening, the military seized power from the elected civilian government of Democrat MR Seni Pramoj and installed hard-line royalist Thanin Kraivichien as premier.

Thanom soon left the monkhood, but he kept his word never to take part in politics again. Late in his life, he attempted to rehabilitate his tarnished image and recover properties seized when his government was overthrown.

Controversy arose in early 1999 when it became known that Thanom was appointed as an honorary officer of the Royal Guard by prime minister Chuan Leekpai as recommended by the military. Thanom settled the matter himself by resigning.

Thanom Kittikachorn died in 2004 the age of 92 in Bangkok General Hospital, after suffering a stroke and a heart attack two years earlier. His family's medical expenses were paid by King Bhumibol Adulyadej, which some saw as payback for Thanom's agreeing to the king's request that he leave the country to end the violence in 1973. Thanom's cremation was held on 25 February 2007 at Wat Debsirin. Queen Sirikit presided over the cremation ceremony, lighting the royal flame on behalf of King Bhumibol. Her youngest daughter, the Princess Chulabhorn, was also present. Thanom's wife died in 2012, aged 96.

Honours
Thanom received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand:
 * 1961 - Order of Chula Chom Klao - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao
 * 1965 - Order of Rama 1st Class ribbon.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Honourable Order of Rama
 * 1956 - Order of the White Elephant - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
 * 1955 - Order of the Crown of Thailand - Special Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
 * 1988 - Order of Ramkeerati (Thailand) ribbon.svg Order of Symbolic Propitiousness Ramkeerati (Special Class)
 * 1972 - Bravery Medal with wreath (Thailand) ribbon.svg Bravery Medal with wreath
 * 1962 - Victory Medal - World War II (Thailand) ribbon.svg Victory Medal - World War II
 * 1955 - Victory Medal - Korean War with flames (Thailand) ribbon.svg Victory Medal - Korean War (with flames)
 * 1972 - Victory Medal - Vietnam War with flames (Thailand) ribbon.svg Victory Medal - Vietnam War (with flames)
 * 1969 - Freeman Safeguarding Medal - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg Freeman Safeguarding Medal (First Class)
 * 1934 - Safeguarding the Constitution Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg Safeguarding the Constitution Medal
 * 1943 - Medal for Service in the Interior - Asia (Thailand) ribbon.svg Medal for Service Rendered in the Interior
 * 1962 - Border Service Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg Border Service Medal
 * 1944 - Chakra Mala Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg Chakra Mala Medal
 * 1950 - King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg King Rama VIII Royal Cypher Medal, Third Class
 * 1964 - King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg King Rama IX Royal Cypher Medal, First Class
 * 1952 - King Rama VII Coronation Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg King Rama VII Coronation Medal
 * 1950 - King Rama IX Coronation Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg King Rama IX Coronation Medal
 * 1932 - 150 Years Commemoration of Bangkok Medal ribbon.svg 150 Years Commemoration of Bangkok Medal
 * 1957 - 25th Buddhist Century Celebration Medal (Thailand) ribbon.svg 25th Buddhist Century Celebration Medal
 * 1972 - Ribbon bar of Red Cross Medal of Appreciation, 1st Class (Thailand).svg Red Cross Medal of Appreciation, First Class

Foreign honours

 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan :
 * Order of Precious Tripod with Special Grand Cordon ribbon.png Special Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Tripod
 * Order of the Cloud and Banner 1st.gif Special Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner
 * TWN Order of Brilliant Star 1Class BAR.svg Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Star
 * TWN Order of Propitious Clouds 1Class BAR.svg Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Propitious Clouds
 * Special Breast Order of Yun Hui.png Special Breast of the Order of the Yun Hui


 * 🇰🇷 South Korea :
 * ROK Order of Merit for National Foundation - Order of the Republic of Korea.png Republic of Korea Medal of the Order of Merit for National Foundation
 * Taeguk Cordon Medal.png Taegeuk of the Order of Military Merit
 * ROK Order of Service Merit (1st Class) Blue Stripes.png Blue Stripes of the Order of Service Merit


 * South Vietnam :
 * VPD National Order of Vietnam - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of Vietnam
 * Vietnam Kim Khanh Decoration ribbon-First Class.svg Kim Khanh Decoration, First Class


 * 🇵🇭 Philippines :
 * PHL Order of Sikatuna - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna
 * PHI Legion of Honor 2003 Chief Commander BAR.svg Chief Commander of the Legion of Honor


 * 🇪🇸 Spain :
 * ESP Order of Civil Merit GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
 * ESP Gran Cruz Merito Militar (Distintivo Blanco) pasador.svg Grand Cross with White Decoration of the Order of Military Merit


 * 🇻🇦 Vatican City :
 * VAT Order of Saint Gregory the Great GCross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great
 * VAT Order of Saint Sylvester GCross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Sylvester
 * 🇺🇸 United States :
 * US Legion of Merit Chief Commander ribbon.png Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit


 * 🇩🇰 Denmark :
 * Order of the Dannebrog S.K.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog


 * 🇵🇹 Portugal :
 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (G.C.C.)


 * 🇩🇪 Germany :
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg :
 * Ordre de la couronne de Chene GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown


 * 🇸🇪 Sweden :
 * Royal Order of the Sword - Commander Grand Cross BAR.svg Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Sword


 * 🇮🇹 Italy :
 * Cordone di gran Croce OMRI BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (O.M.R.I.)


 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands :
 * Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Knight Grand Cross.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau


 * 🇧🇪 Belgium :
 * BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Cordon bar.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold


 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia :
 * Pita (Ribbon) Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana.png Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class


 * 🇦🇷 Argentina :
 * ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín


 * 🇯🇵 Japan :
 * JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun


 * Kingdom of Laos :
 * LAO Order of the a Million Elephants and the White Parasol - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of the Million Elephants and the White Parasol


 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom :
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (G.C.M.G.) - Sir.


 * Ethiopian Empire :
 * Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia) - ribbon bar.gif Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity


 * Malaya :
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (1962) (S.M.N.) - Tun.


 * 🇦🇹 Austria :
 * AUT Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria - 1st Class BAR.svg Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * Kingdom of Greece :
 * GRE Order of George I - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of George I
 * Kingdom of Norway :
 * St Olavs Orden storkors stripe.svg Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
 * Imperial Iran :
 * Order of Crown Ribbon Bar - Imperial Iran.svg Knight of the Order of the Crown (Iran)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia :
 * Order of the Republic (Tunisia) - ribbon bar.gif Order of the Republic (Tunisia)
 * 🇺🇳 United Nations :
 * United Nations Service Medal Korea ribbon.svg United Nations Korea Medal