The Accumulation of Capital

The Accumulation of Capital (full title: The Accumulation of Capital: A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism, Die Akkumulation des Kapitals: Ein Beitrag zur ökonomischen Erklärung des Imperialismus) is the principal book-length work of Rosa Luxemburg, first published in 1913, and the only work Luxemburg published on economics during her lifetime.

Her conclusion that the limits of the capitalist system drive it to imperialism and war led Luxemburg to a lifetime of campaigning against militarism and colonialism.

Structure
It is in three sections as described below:


 * 1) The Problem of Reproduction
 * 2) The Historical Exposition of the Problem
 * 3) Round I: Sismondi--Malthus vs. Say--Ricardo, MacCulloch
 * 4) Round II: The Controversy between Rodbertus and von Kirchmann
 * 5) Round III: Struve-Bulgakov-Tugan Baranovski vs. Vorontsov-Kikolayon
 * 6) The Historical Conditions of Accumulation

Synopsis
In the polemic, she argued that capitalism needs to constantly expand into noncapitalist areas in order to access new supply sources, markets for surplus value, and reservoirs of labor. According to Luxemburg, Marx had made an error in Capital in that the proletariat could not afford to buy the commodities they produced, and therefore by his own criteria it was impossible for capitalists to make a profit in a closed-capitalist system since the demand for commodities would be too low, and therefore much of the value of commodities could not be transformed into money. Therefore, according to Luxemburg, capitalists sought to realize profits through offloading surplus commodities onto non-capitalist economies, hence the phenomenon of imperialism as capitalist states sought to dominate weaker economies. This however led to the destruction of non-capitalist economies as they were increasingly absorbed into the capitalist system. With the destruction of non-capitalist economies however, there would be no more markets to offload surplus commodities onto, and capitalism would break down.

Reception
The Accumulation of Capital was harshly criticized by both Marxist      and non-Marxist economists, on the grounds that her logic was circular in proclaiming the impossibility of realizing profits in a close-capitalist system, and that her "underconsumptionist" theory was too crude. Among Luxemburg's contemporaries, Franz Mehring praised the book as "the most significant phenomemon since Marx and Engels took up the pen" and described criticism of Luxemburg's work, particularly the one left by Austro-Marxists, such as Gustav Eckstein and Rudolf Hilferding, as "one of the crowning achievements of Marxist priesthood." Vladimir Lenin read the work in 1913, "when his political relations with Rosa Luxemburg were at his worst", and left critical notes in the margin of the manuscript full of exclamations like "nonsense" and "funny" that indicate that "he was out to fault her whenever possible"; however, he was never publicly critical of the book, and these notes were published only after his death, and later Hannah Arendt comented on the criticism: ""Who would deny today that it belonged in a book on imperialism?" After Luxemburg's death it was praised by prominent Marxist theorist György Lukács, who saw her work as a natural continuation of Marxist theory truly in the spirit of Marx, and also condemned those who criticize it, calling them bourgeois and revisionist.