Tokunoshima language

The Tokunoshima language (シマグチ (島口) Shimaguchi or シマユミィタ Shimayumiita), also Toku-no-Shima, is a dialect cluster spoken on Tokunoshima, Kagoshima Prefecture of southwestern Japan. It is part of the Amami–Okinawan languages, which are part of the Japonic languages.

Dialects
Okamura (2007) posits two divisions of Tokunoshima: Kametsu–Amagi in the north and Isen in the south. Kametsu is the traditional politico-cultural center of the island. It has been a center of distributions of new lexical traits, some of which were not confined in Tokunoshima Town but spread to Amagi Town in the northeast and, less frequently, to Isen. The dialects of Isen are considered more conservative by the speakers.

Folk terminology
According to Okamura Takahiro (b. 1936 in Asama, Amagi Town), the speakers of Tokunoshima call their tongues sïmagucï, which consists of two morphemes. The first part sïma (Standard Japanese shima) refers to an island both in Standard Japanese and Tokunoshima but it also means (one's own) local community in Tokunoshima and other Amami dialects. The second part kucï (Standard Japanese kuchi) means a mouth, and by extension, speech. Hence, sïmagucï refers to the speech of one's own community and of the island as a whole. Note that sïmagucï is more strongly associated with the former because the speakers of Tokunoshima are fully aware that each shima has a distinct language.

Phonology
The following is the phonology of the Kametsu dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1986).

Consonants
As with most Ryukyuan languages to the north of Central Okinawan, stops are described as "plain" C’ and "glottalized" C‘. Phonetically, the two series are lightly aspirated and tenuis, respectively.

Notes
 * The zero onset /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal and.
 * is before  and, and  before  and.
 * is new and infrequent.
 * , and  are realized as,  and , respectively.
 * is before  and, and  elsewhere.
 * ,, and  are phonemically analyzed as , ,  and , respectively.
 * ,, and  are phonemically analyzed as , ,  and , respectively.
 * , and  are phonemically analyzed as,  and , respectively.

Vowels
Tokunoshima has, , , , , and , long and short.

Correspondences to Standard Japanese
Only major sound correspondences are listed.
 * Standard Japanese mostly corresponds to.
 * Standard Japanese is merged into.
 * Tokunoshima, and  are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
 * Standard Japanese and  corresponds to Tokunoshima  and, respectively.
 * Standard Japanese  and,   and , and  and  are merged into , , and , respectively.
 * The fusion of two consecutive morae resulted in glottalized consonants in Tokunoshima.